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Storm Drainage and Erosiion ControlStormwater Drainage Report Short Plat of Timber Estates Yelm, WA June 2004 ~~~~~' o~ Project Information Project: Prepared for: Contact: Short Plat of Timber Estates Airborne Properties Brian Reynolds 7882 Old Hwy 99 SE Olympia, WA 98501 (360) 754-7200 Reviewing Agency Jurisdiction: Project Number: Project Contact Project Engineer Prepared by: Contact: Job #: File Number: City of Yelm 2M Enterprises LLC 15345 Sunwood Blvd Suite 302 Tukwila, WA 98188 Karl Lundberg, PE Table of Contents PART I STORM DRAINAGE REPORT SECTION 1 -PROPOSED PROJECT DESCRIPTION .............................. 2 SECTION 2 -EXISTING CONDITIONS ................................................... 4 SECTION 3 -INFILTRATION RATES/SOILS REPORT .......................... 4 SECTION 4 -WELLS AND SEPTIC SYSTEMS ....................................... 5 SECTION 5 -FUEL TANKS ...................................................................... 5 SECTION 6 -SUB-BASIN DESCRIPTION ............................................... 5 SECTION 7 -ANALYSIS OF 100 YEAR FLOOD ..................................... 5 SECTION 8 -AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS ..................................... 5 SECTION 9 -DOWNSTREAM ANALYSIS AND FACILITY SIZING ..... 5 SECTION 10 -COVENANTS, DEDICATIONS, EASEMENTS ................ 6 SECTION 11 -ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION ................................... 6 PART II EROSION CONTROL REPORT SECTION 1 -CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND PROCEDURE .......... 6 SECTION 2 -TRAPPING SEDIMENT ...................................................... 7 SECTION 3 -EROSION CONTROL & SITE RESTORATION ................. 8 SECTION 4 -GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS AND REPORT ................... 8 SECTION 5 -INSPECTION SEQUENCE .................................................. 8 SECTION 6-CONTROL OF POLLUTANTS ............................................. 8 PART III MAINTENANCE PLAN SECTION 1 -REQUIRED MAINTENANCE ............................................. 9 SECTION 2 -RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION .................................... 19 SECTION 3 -VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................... 19 SECTION 4 -SOURCE CONTROL ......................................................... 19 APPENDICES Appendix I- Vicinity Map Appendix II -Drainage Plan Appendix III -Residential Maintenance Agreement Appendix I V -Soils Report Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report PART I STORM DRAINAGE REPORT The format of this report follows the outline provided in the 1992 Department of Ecology Drainage Design and Erosion Control Manual. SECTION 1-PROPOSED PROJECT DESCRIPTION Project Proponent: Parcel Numbers: Total Site Area: Zoned: Site Address: Required Permits: Section, Township, Range Airborne Properties 7882 Old Hwy 99 Olympia, WA. 98501 22730140700 2.45 acres R-4 10826 SE Vancil Road Yelm, WA 98597 Grading, Utility Section 13, Township 17N, Range 1 East, W.M. Thurston County, Washington The site is located in the City of Yelm and is bordered on the north side by a subdivision, on the south by an undeveloped parcel and to the west by Vancil Road. The proposal is to convert this site to 9single-family home sites with one of the lots zoned for a duplex. . There are no structures located on this property. These lots will access from a public road extending from Vancil Road approx. 500 feet to a permanent cul-de-sac. These lots will be served by the City of Yelm water and sewer system. Page 2 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report Storm Drainage Improvements: This 2.45-acre project is located in one drainage basin. This drainage basin will convey stormwater from the roadway to the water quality vaults and on to the infiltration galleries. The total area of the basin is 0.8415 acres. This area is the roadway and drainage area. The remainder of the project will be pervious surfaces. All home roof drains will be connected to drywells. In the following basin summarizes all impervious area for the homes have been disregarded. These areas will be infiltrated at the home location. Pre-Development Basin Summary Basin A (Ac) Impervious 0.00 Disturbed Pervious 0.00 Undisturbed Pervious 2.45 Total 2.45 Post-Development Basin Summary Basin A (Ac) Impervious 0.72 Disturbed Pervious 0.12 Open Space Area 0.15 Roofs draining, to Drtiwells 1.45 Total 2.45 Storm water Treatment: Basin A: This basin includes all right of way area between the entrance at Vancil Road and end of the cul- de-sac. This new roadway will sheet flow into the catch basins located at the low points of the roadway and the pipe system will convey the storm water to the storm water facility. Storm water will then be treated using wet tanks located in the open space. The wet tank volume has been determined to be 2.5% of the impervious area tributary to the system. Treatment Area Summa Basin # Impervious Area Disturbed Pervious Area Treatment Re uired Treatment Provided Basin 0.72 ac. 0.12 ac. 2791 allons 4,500 allons Page 3 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report Storm water Storage: Preliminary storage requirements were based on the Soil Survey of Thurston County. A design infiltration rate of 20 inches/hour was used for this preliminary design. The DDECM required 3000 cf of storage for each acre of impervious area and 1000 cf of storage for each acre of disturbed pervious area. This is based on an infiltration rate of 20 in/hr. Basin A: Treated runoff from the wet tank will flow into an infiltration gallery located along side the wet tank. This gallery is 6' wide X 6' deep and 125 feet long. This galley will have a 36" perforated pipe running the length of the gallery, cleanouts at ends and corners and wrapped with filter fabric. The volume of the gallery has been calculated to be 18.64 cubic feet per a foot. This is utilizing a volume factor of 40% for the washed rock. The infiltration gallery has a volume of 2330 cubic feet, which exceeds the minimum volume of 2285 cubic feet. Stora a Ca aci Summa Basin # Impervious Area Disturbed Pervious Area Storage Volume Re uired Storage Volume Provided Basin 0.72 ac. 0.12 ac. 2,285 c.f. 2,330 c.f. (All acre numbers have been rounded to the nearest hundredth of an acre. Actual volume has been calculated using the exact numbers) SECTION 2 -EXISTING CONDITIONS This site is an open pasture with scotch bloom. This area has fee trees located around the site. The remainder of the site has no trees and is relatively flat. The existing topographic information shows the site with slopes of 1 % to 3% in isolated areas however overall this site is flat. There are no drainage channels within or near the site and no off-site drainage enters the site. There are no creeks, lakes, ponds, wetlands, ravines, gullies, steep slopes, springs, or any other environmentally sensitive areas on-site or down gradient of the property. SECTION 3 -INFILTRATION RATES/SOILS REPORT The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Soil Survey of Thurston County maps the on-site soils as a Spanaway gravelly sandy loam (0-3% slopes) and Spanaway-Nisqually complex (2-10% slopes). This soil type features Hydrologic Group A characteristics. Refer to Appendix V for the SCS Soils Map. Page 4 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report SECTION 4 -WELLS AND SEPTIC SYSTEMS The existing site has asingle-family well located on future lot no. 1 and will be decommissioned before construction is completed. The existing site had an on-site septic system located on future lat no. 1 and has been abandoned during removal of the existing house. No abandoned septic systems were identified during the site investigation. Any additional septic systems found shall be removed in accordance with Thurston County Department of Health Standards. SECTION 5 -FUEL TANKS No fuel tanks were located during the site investigation. Based on information provided by the project developer, no buried fuel tanks are known to exist. Additionally, a review of the DOE's Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST) list did not indicate any existing or abandoned fuel tanks on the project site. SECTION 6 -SUB-BASIN DESCRIPTION This project has been designed to infiltrate all stormwater produced by this site. There will be no runoff from the project site for the 100-year, 24-hour storm event. There is no significant off-site runoff to the project site. Handling of hazardous materials is not anticipated on the project site. SECTION 7 -ANALYSIS OF 100 YEAR FLOOD The project site does not iay adjacent to or contain a major stream on-site; therefore it has not been identified as a flood hazard area. The FEMA Firm Map for this site shows this site outside thee 100-year flood plain. SECTION 8 -AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR STORMWATER FACILITIES All disturbed areas will be vegetated. The stormwater infiltration facilities have been designed to be located underground. Aesthetics of facilities will be in keeping with similar subdivisions in the area. SECTION 9 -DOWNSTREAM ANALYSIS AND FACILITY SIZING Page 5 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report There will be no runoff from the project site, during the 100-year, 24-hour storm event, therefore, no downstream analysis is necessary. SECTION 10 -COVENANTS, DEDICATIONS, EASEMENTS The on-site storm drainage facilities, including treatment and detention ponds, catch basins, and pipes will require routine maintenance. A draft maintenance agreement between the owner and City of Yelm is included in Appendix VII that will allow the jurisdiction access to facilities. The owner is responsible for performing regular maintenance of the storm drainage facilities. City of Yelm will provide technical assistance at the owner's request. SECTION 11-PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATION ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION Maintenance of the private storm drainage facilities will be performed by the owner and/or their representative until the homeowners association is established and takes over the maintenance. Page 6 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report PART II EROSION CONTROL REPORT SECTION 1 -CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND PROCEDURE This proposed subdivision includes an erosion control plan designed to contain silt and soil within the project boundaries during construction, and permanent erosion control afterward. Erosion/sedimentation control is achieved by a combination of structuraUvegetation cover measures and construction practices tailored to fit the site. Best Construction Management Practices (BMP's) will be employed to properly clear and grade the site and to schedule construction activities. Before any construction begins on-site, erosion control facilities shall first be installed. The planned construction sequence is as follows: 1. Install filter fabric fencing and construction fence. (As Required) 2, Rough grade roadway and drainage swales. 3. Construct infiltration galleries. 4. During November 1 through March 31, all disturbed areas greater than 5,000 sf that are to be left unworked for more than twelve (12) hours shall be stabilized by one of the following: mulch, sodding or plastic covering. S. Install storm drainage piping. 6. Provide catch basin inlet protection by installing filter fabric under grates of all inlets to drainage system. 7. Landscape, sod and/or seed and mulch all disturbed areas. 8. Flush storm drainage system. 9. Maintain all erosion control facilities until the entire site is stabilized and silt runoff ceases. SECTION 2 -TRAPPING SEDIl4IENT The soils on-site belong to the Spanaway group and have low erosion potential according to the SCS. In those areas where the parcel slopes toward the adjoining property, filter fabric fence will be used to control erosion and off-site runoff. The contractor will not be allowed to leave disturbed areas greater than 5,000 sf uncovered during the rainy season from November 1 through April 30. Soil shall be stabilized within 48 hours after stop of work in any area that will remain unworked for 30 days or more. Mulch, sodding or plastic covering will be used to prevent erosion in these areas. During the dry season from May 1 to October 30, exposed soils should be stabilized within 30 days. During construction, the contractor will be required to install filter fabric fencing as needed and limit site access to one location. Catch basin protection shall be provided by installing filter fabric under grates of all inlets to drainage system. All disturbed/exposed soils shall be covered with straw or mulch to prevent erosion in these areas. Page 7 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report SECTION 3 -PERMANENT EROSION CONTROL & SITE RESTORATION All disturbed areas will be asphalted or seeded with grass or natural vegetation. SECTION 4 -GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS AND REPORT The proposed infiltration facilities are not located within 50' of a slope 15% or greater; therefore, a Geotechnical Analysis and report addressing slope stability was not deemed necessary. SECTION 5 -INSPECTION SEQUENCE In addition to County inspections, the Project Engineer shall inspect the facilities related to stormwater treatment, erosion control, storage and conveyance during construction. At a minimum, the following items shall be inspected at the time specified: The erosion control facilities shall be inspected before the start of construction to ensure the following structures are in place: a. Filter Fabric Fences b. Catch Basin Filters 2. The conveyance systems will be inspected after construction of the facility, but before the project is completed to ensure the following are in working order: a. Road Drainage. b. Catch Basins c. Infiltration Galleries The permanent site restoration measures shall be inspected after landscaping is completed. A final inspection will be performed to check final grades, settings of control structures and all necessary information to complete Engineer's Construction Inspection Report to meet Thurston County's requirements for inspection and reporting. SECTION 6-CONTROL OF POLLUTANTS OTHER THAN SEDIMENTS Washout from concrete trucks shall not be dumped into the storm drain, or onto soil and pavement, which carries stormwater runoff. It will be dumped into a designated area to be later backfilled or hardened and broken up for disposal into a dumpster. The Contractor will be required to designate a washdown area for equipment and concrete trucks. Page 8 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report PART III MAINTENANCE PLAN SECTION 1-REQUIRED MAINTENANCE The following pages contain maintenance needs for most of the components that are part of the drainage system. A checklist should be completed for all system components on the following schedule: M Monthly from November through April. A. Once in late summer (preferably September). S. After any major storm (use 1" in 24 hours as a guideline) items marked "S" only. Using photocopies of these pages, check off the problems looked for each time an inspection was performed. Add comments or problems found and actions taken. Keep these "Checked" sheets on file, as they will be used to write the annual report (due in May). Some items do not need to be looked at every time an inspection is done. Use the suggest frequency at the left of each item as a guideline for inspections. The jurisdiction is available for technical assistance. Please do not hesitate to call, especially if a potential problem exists. Page 9 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report ATTACHMENT "A": MAINTENANCE PROGRAM Maintenance Checklist for Conveyance Systems (Pipes and Swales) Frequency Drainage ~ Problem Conditions to Check For Conditions That System Should Exist Feature M.S. Pipes ~ Sediment & Accumulated sediment Pipe cleaned of all debris that exceeds 20% of the sediment and debris. diameter of the i e. M ~ Vegetation Vegetation that reduces All vegetation free movement of water removed so water throu h i es. flows freel . A ~ Damaged Protective coating is Pipe repaired or (rusted, bent damaged, rust is causing replaced. or crushed) more than 50% deterioration to any part of i e. M J Any dent that Pipe repaired or significantly impedes replaced. flow (i.e., decreases the cross-section area of pipe b more then 20%). M ~ Pipe has major cracks or Pipe repaired or tears allowing replaced. oundwater leaka e. M.S. Swales ~ Trash & Dumping of yard wastes Remove trash and debris such as grass clippings debris and dispose as and branches into swale. prescribed by County Unsightly accumulation Waste Management of non-degradable Section. materials such as glass, plastic, metal, foam and coated a er. M ~ Sediment Accumulated sediment Swale cleaned of all buildup that exceeds 20% of the sediment and debris design depth. so that it matches design. Page 10 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report M ~ Vegetation Grass cover is sparse and Aerate soils and . not growing weedy or areas are reseed and mulch bare or overgrown with woody areas. Maintain grass overgrown vegetation. height at a minimum of 6" for best stormwater treatment. Remove woody growth, recontour and reseed as necessa M,S ~ Erosion See ponds checklist See ponds checklist damage to slo es M J Conversion Swale has been filled in If possible, speak with by or blocked by shed, homeowner and homeowner woodpile, shrubbery, etc. request that swale to area be restored. incompatible Contact City to report use problem if not rectified voluntaril . A ~ Swale does Water stands in Swale or A survey may be not drain flow velocity is very needed to check slow. Stagnation occurs. grades. Grades need to be in 1 % range if possible. If grade is less than 1 %, underdrains may need to be installed. Ifyou are unsure whether a problem exists, please contact the Jurisdiction and ask for technical assistance. Comments: Key: A =Annual (March or April preferred) M =Monthly (see schedule) S = ARer major storms Page 11 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report ATTACHMENT "A": MAINTENANCE PROGRAM Maintenance Checklist for Catch Basins and Inlets Feature Drainage ~ Problem Conditions to Check For Conditions That System Should Exist Feature M.S. General ~ Trash, debris Trash or debris in front No trash or debris and sediment of the catch basin located immediately in in or on basin opening is blocking front of catch basin capacity by more than opening. Grate is kept 10%. clean and allows water to enter. M ~ Sediment or debris (in No sediment or debris the basin) that exceeds in the catch basin. 1/3 the depth from the Catch basin is dug out bottom of basin to invert and clean. of the lowest pipe into or out of the basin. M.S. ~ Trash ar debris in any Inlet and outlet pipes inlet or pipe blocking free of trash or debris. more than 1/3 of it's hei ht. M ~ Structural Comer of frame extends Frame is even with damage to more than 3!4" past curb curb. frame and/or face into the street (if top slab applicable). M ~ Top slab has holes larger Top slab is free of than 2 inches or cracks holes and cracks. wider than 1/4" (intent is to make sure all material is running into the basin). M ~ Frame not sitting flush Frame is sitting flush on top slab, i.e., on top slab. separation of more than 3/4" of the frame from the to slab. Page 12 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report A ~ Cracks in Cracks wider than 1/2" Basin replaced or basin and longer than 3', any repaired to design walls bottom evidence of soil particles standards. Contact a entering catch basin professional engineer through cracks or for evaluation. maintenance person judges that structure is unsound. A ~ Cracks wider than 1/2" No cracks more than and longer than 1' at the 1/4" wide at the joint joint of any inlet/outlet of inlet/outlet pipe. pipe or any evidence of soil particles entering catch basin through cracks. A ~ Settlementlmi Basin has settled more Basin replaced or s-alignment than 1" or has rotated repaired to design more than 2" out of standards. Contact a alignment. professional engineer for evaluation. M.S. ~ Fire hazard or Presence of chemicals No color, odor or other such as natural gas, oil sludge. Basin is dug pollution and gasoline. out and clean. Obnoxious color, odor or stud a noted. M.S. ~ Outlet pipe is Vegetation or roots No vegetation or root clogged with growing in inlet/outlet growth present. vegetation pipe joints that is more than 6" tall and less than 6" a art. If you are unsure whether a problem exists, please contact the Jurisdiction and ask for technical assistance. Comments: Key: A =Annual (March or April preferred) M =Monthly (see schedule) S =After major storms Page 13 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report ATTACHMENT "A": MAINTENANCE PROGRAM Maintenance Checklist for Grounds (Landscaping} Frequency Drainage Problem Conditions to Check Conditions That System For Should Exist Feature M General Weeds Weeds growing in Weeds present in less (nonpoisonou more than 20% of the than 5% of the s) landscaped area (trees landscaped area. and shrubs onl ). M Safety hazard Any presence of poison No poisonous ivy or other poisonous vegetation or insect vegetation or insect nests present in nests. landsca ed area. M.S. Trash & Dumping of yard Remove trash and debris wastes such as grass debris and dispose as buildup in clippings and branches. prescribed by City open space Unsightly Waste Management accumulation of non- Section. degradable materials such as glass, plastic, metal, foam and coated pa er. M Missing or Any defect in the fence Fence is mended or broken or screen that permits shrubs replaced to form parts/dead easy entry to a facility. a solid barrier to entry. shrubbe M.S. Erosion Erosion has resulted in Replace soil under an opening under a fence so that no fence that allows entry opening exceeds 4" in by people or pets. height. Causes of erosion identified and steps taken to slow down and/or spread out the water. Eroded areas are filled, contoured, and seeded. M Unruly Shrubbery is growing Shrubbery is trimmed vegetation out of control or is and weeded to provide infested with weeds. appealing aesthetics. Do not use chemicals to control weeds. Page 14 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report A Trees and Damage Limbs or parts of trees Trim trees/shrubs to shrubs or shrubs that are split restore shape. Replace or broken which affect trees/shrubs with more than 25% of the severe damage. total foliage of the tree or shrub. M Trees or shrubs that Replant tree, inspecting have been blown down for injury to stem or or knocked over. roots. Replace if severely dam ed. A Trees or shrubs which Place stakes and are not adequately rubber-coated ties supported or are around young leaning over, causing trees/shrubs for ex osure of the roots. su ort. If you are unsure whether a problem exists, please contact the Jurisdiction and ask for technical assistance. Comments: Key: A =Annual (March or April preferred) M =Monthly (see schedule) S =After major storms Page 15 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report ATTACHMENT "A": MAINTENANCE PROGRAM Maintenance Checklist for Ponds Frequency Drainage Problem Conditions to Check Conditions That System For Should Exist Feature M,S General Trash & Clumping of yard Removed trash and debris buildup wastes such as grass debris and dispose as in pond. clippings and prescribed by City branches into basin. Waste Management Unsightly Section accumulation of nondegradable materials such as glass, plastic, metal, foam and coated a er.. M,S Trash rack Bar screen over outlet Replace screen. plugged or more than 25% Remove trash and missing covered by debris or debris and dispose as missing. prescribed by City Waste Management Section. M Poisonous Any poisonous Remove poisonous vegetation vegetation which may vegetation. Do not constitute a hazard to spray chemicals on the public. Examples vegetation without of poisonous obtaining guidance vegetation include: from the Cooperative tansy ragwort, poison Extension Service oak, stinging nettles, and approval from devilsclub. the Ci M,S Fire hazard or Presence of chemicals Find sources of pollution such as natural gas, oil pollution and and gasoline, eliminate them. obnoxious color, odor Water is free from or sludge noted. noticeable color, odor or contamination. Page 16 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report M Vegetation For grassy ponds, For grassy ponds, not growing grass cover is sparse selectively thatch, or is and weedy or is aerate, and reseed overgrown overgrown. For ponds. Grass cutting wetland ponds, plants unnecessary unless are sparse or invasive dictated by species are present. aesthetics. For wetland ponds, handplan nursery- grown wetland plants in bare areas. Contact the Cooperative Extension Service for direction on invasive species such as purple loosestate and reed canary grass. Pond bottoms should have uniform dense coverage of desired lant s ecies. M Rodent holes Any evidence of Rodents destroyed rodent holes if facility and dam or berm is acting as a dam or repaired. Contact the berm, or any evidence Thurston County of water piping Health Department through dam or berm for guidance. via rodent holes. M Insects When insects such as Insects destroyed or wasps and hornets removed from site. interfere with Contact Cooperative maintenance Extension Service for activities, or when guidance. mosquitoes become a nuisance. A Tree growth Tree growth does not Trees do not hinder allow maintenance maintenance access or interferes activities. with maintenance Selectively cultivate activity (i.e., slope trees such as alders mowing, silt removal, for firewood. or equipment movements). If trees are not interfering with access, leave trees alon . Page 17 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report M Side slopes Erosion on Check around inlets Find causes of of pond berms or at and outlets for signs erosion and eliminate entrance/exit. of erosion. Check them. Then slopes berms for signs of should be stabilized sliding or settling. by using appropriate Action is needed erosion control where eroded damage measure(s); e.g., rock over 2 inches deep reinforcement, and where there is planting of grass, potential for continued compaction. erosion. M Storage area Sediment Accumulated Sediment cleaned out buildup in sediment that exceeds to designed pond pond 10% of the designed shape and depth; pond depth. Buried or pond reseeded if partially buried outlet necessary to control structure probably erosion. indicates significant sediment deposits. A Pond dikes Settlements Any part of dike Dike should be build which has settled 4 back to the design inches lower than the elevation. desi n elevation. A Emergency Rock missing Only one layer of rock Replace rocks to overflow/ exists above native design standards. Spillway soil in area 5 square feet or larger, or any exposure of native soil. One Time Emergency Overflow Side of pond has no Contact City for overflow/ missing area with large rocks guidance. Spillway to handle emergency overflows. If you are unsure whether a problem exists, please contact the Jurisdiction and ask for technical assistance. Comments: Key: A =Annual (March or April preferred) M =Monthly (see schedule) S =After major storms Page 18 Short Plat of Timber Estates, Drainage Report SECTION 2 -RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION The property owner (and successors) is responsible for the operation and maintenance of on-site drainage facilities. See the residential maintenance agreement in Appendix VII. SECTION 3 -VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN All disturbed pervious areas within the site will be seeded to provide erosion control and an aesthetically pleasing environment. SECTION 4 -SOURCE CONTROL Warning signs (e.g., "Dump No Waste -Drains to Ground Water") will be painted or embossed on or adjacent to all storm drain inlets and will be repainted periodically as necessary. Page 19