Subsurface and Geotechnical Report
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Earth & Environmental
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7 March 1996
6-917-108150
AGRA Earth &
Environmental, Inc
11335 NE 122nd Way
Suite 100
Kirkland v'iashingwn
USA. 98034 69 8
Tel (206) 820-4669
Fax (206) 821-39 -+
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Arch,tekton
12951 Bel-Red Road, Suite 110
Bellevue, Washington 98005
Attention
Ms Angie Moffett
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Subject
Subsurface Exploration and Geotechnical Engineering Evaluation
Texaco Gas Station Convenience Store
Yelm, Washington
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Dear Ms Moffett
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AGRA Earth & Environmental, Inc (AEE) is pleased to submit this report describing our recent
geotechnical engineering evaluation for the above-referenced project The purpose of this
evaluation was to evaluate general surface and subsurface site conditions, from which we could
determine the feasibility of the project and formulate recommendations concerning site
preparation, foundation design, and other constructIon considerations In accordance with our
Proposal for Subsurface Exploration and Geotechnical Engineering Evaluation dated 22 February
1996, our scope of services consisted of a visual sIte reconnaissance, subsurface exploration,
geotechnical analyses, and preparation of this report Our evaluation was limited to addressing
site preparation, foundation design and pavement design, and does not specifically address
underground storage tank mstallation This report has been prepared in accordance with
generally accepted geotechnical engineering practice for the exclusive use of Texaco,
Architekton, and their agents, for specific application to this project
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project site is located at 706 Yelm Avenue East in Yelm, Washington The triangular-
shaped site is bounded by Yelm Avenue East to the south-southwest, multi-family residential
property to the south-southeast, and 103rd Avenue to the north The 'attached Site and
Exploration Plan (Figure 1) illustrates the subject parcel
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We understand the development plans call demolition of the eXlstmg service station and the
construction of a new facility including a convenience store, a six-island pump station, and a
separate car wash building We antielpate that pavement will consist of both asphalt and
concrete
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Engmeenng 8 EnVironmental Se0'lces
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It should be emphasized that the conclusions and recommendations contained in this report are
based on our understanding of the currently proposed utilization of the project site, as
presented in a layout plan which was obtained at the site from another consultant
Consequently, If any changes are made in the project, we may need to modify our conclusions
and recommendations to reflect those changes
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EXPLORATORY METHODS
A representative of AEE evaluated surface and subsurface conditions at the project site on
23 February 1996 Our initial subsurface exploration program consisted of advancing two test
pits (designated TP-1 and TP-2) at the approximate locations presented on the Site and
Exploration Plan, to depths ranging from about 8 % to 9 % feet below existing grade
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The specific number, locations, and depths of our explorations were selected based on the
existing site features, proposed layout of the proposed facilIty, and limited use of a backhoe
while it was at the site for D R Strong Consultmg Engmeers We estimated the location of
each exploration by taping or pacing from site features and scaling these measurements onto
a site plan provided to us As such, the exploration locations shown on the Site and
Exploration Plan should be considered accurate only to the degree implied by our measuring
methods
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It should be emphasized that our explorations revealed subsurface conditions only at discrete
locations across the project sIte and that actual conditions may vary between our exploration
locations. Furthermore, the nature and extent of any such variations would not become evident
until additional explorations are performed or construction activities have begun If sIgnificant
variations are observed at that time, we may need to modify our conclusions and
recommendations to reflect actual conditions For thIS reason, we recommend that AEE be
retained to provide construction observation services dunng the foundation excavation phase
of this project
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The test pits were completed with a backhoe operated by an independent firm working for AEE
A geologist from our firm continuously observed the borings, logged the subsurface conditions,
obtained representative soil samples, and transported the samples to our laboratory for further
visual classification and testing After each test pit was completed, the pits were backfilled and
tamped in place with the backhoe bucket The test pit backfill may require addItional
compaetive effort at the time of construction
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The attached test pit logs describe the various types of soils and materials encountered in each
boring, based pnmanly on mterpretatlons made in the field Our logs also indicate the
approximate depth of the contacts between different soli types, although these contacts may
be gradational or undulating
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SITE CONDITIONS
The following sections describe our observations, measurements, and interpretations concerning
surface, soil, and groundwater conditions at the project sIte Interpretive logs of our
explorations are attached to the end of this report
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Surface Conditions
The project site appears to be on the order of 1 Y2 acres in size The topography of the site can
be charactenzed as flat with topographic relief estimated to be on the order of 1 foot across
the site Currently, the northwestern portion of the project site is occupied by the eXIsting
Texaco station The southeastern portion of the site was cleared and was essentially bare of
vegetation except for sparse bunch grass and weeds
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Subsurface Conditions
According to the U S D.A. Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Thurston County, the near-
surface geology at the project site is characterized by glacial outwash and volcanic ash deposits
of unsorted sand, gravel, and silt These soils typically possess a moderate density and shear
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strength, and relatively low compressibility The soils are categorized within Soil Hydrologic
Group B which mdicates the soils have moderately high infiltration rate when wet with a low
runoff potential
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Based on the test pits completed for this project, the subsurface conditions appeared to be
relatively uniform across the site It appears that the topsoil has already been removed from
the area and the exposed surficial soils consist of a medium dense, dark brown to black, silty,
gravelly, sand with varying proportions of cobbles This material typically extended to a depth
of 2 to 2 Y2 feet Underneath, a dense, gravelly, cobbly, sand extended to a depth of 6 to
7 feet Below the dense soils, a medium, dense, fine sand with varying proportions of silt and
gravel was encountered which extended to the full depths explored of 8 Y2 to 9 feet During
excavation of the test pits, mmor caving of the sidewalls was observed Such caving should
be expected in temporary cut sidewalls if the slope angles are oversteepened Temporary slope
angle recommendations are presented subsequently
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We interpret these geological conditions to correspond to a seismic site coefficient Type S2, as
defined by Table 16-J of the 1994 Uniform Building Code Soil profile type S2 applies where
dense or stiff soil conditions exceed 200 feet in depth According to the 1994 Uniform Building
Code's "Seismic Zone Map of the United States", the project site lies within Seismic Zone 3
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Current site development plans call for complete demolition of the existing service station
structures and construction of a new station that will comprise a canopy, conerete apron, pump
islands, convenience store, and car wash Our general conclusions and recommendations are
as follows
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Generally, subsurface conditions appear suitable from a geotechnical standpoint
for the use of conventional shallow spread and continuous footings and
slab-on-grade floors, contingent on proper subgrade preparation
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Structural design of the buildings should conform to all requirements for seismic
risk zone 3 and soil profile type 52' as prescribed by the 1994 Uniform Building
Code
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The on-site native soils appear sUitable for reuse as structural fill
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Our specific recommendations concerning site preparation, excavations, temporary slopes,
footings, slab-on-grade floors, drainage systems, and structural fill are presented in the
following sections
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Site Preparation
Initial site preparation will involve demolition of the eXisting structures, possibly removing
existmg underground utilities and minor stripping of all vegetation and organIc-rich soils Any
existing underground utilities, such as sewer lines, septic tanks, or drain lines, should be
properly abandoned or removed and backfilled in accordance with appropriate governmental
guidelines Similarly, any existing underground structures, such as foundation elements, should
be removed and wasted from the site or recycled for reuse on the site In conjunction with this
work, we recommend that any surface or near-surface water sources within the construction
areas be intercepted and diverted to a suitable discharge location Final decisions regarding
drainage systems are best made in the field at the time of construction by the general
contractor
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Following site stripping and demolition, the site may be graded as required to establish
appropriate subgrade elevations for the floors, concrete apron, and asphalt pavement areas
Deeper holes or depressions created from removal of existing foundations, utilities, etc , should
be backfilled with compacted structural fill prior to general site grading Our test pits indicate
that the grading operation will most likely encounter primarily moist, medium-dense silty,
gravelly sand After grading, all exposed subgrade soils should be proofrolled with a heavy
roller or other suitable compaction equipment to achieve a firm, unyielding condition Grading
may involve the placement of structural fill All structural fill should be compacted with the
recommendations presented subsequently in this report
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Any subgrade areas that exhibit excessive yielding or pumping should be scarified, aerated, and
recompacted However, compaction of the near surface silty site soils should be attempted
only when the soils are at, or very near, optimum moisture content (the moisture content that
allows the greatest compacted soil density under a specified compactive effort), attempts to
compact wet silty surficial solis will tend to cause degradation of the solis rather than an
increase in densIty If the existmg soils are too wet to compact, they should be removed and
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replaced with compacted structural fill, as described in the Structural Fill section of this report
Because these near-surface site soils are somewhat moisture-sensitive and susceptible to
disturbance when wet, the contractor should minimize traffic over any prepared subgrades A
working surface of well-graded sand and gravel (pit-run), crushed rock, or crushed recycled
concrete may be needed to protect silty subgrades from unavOIdable traffic, If completed during
extended wet weather periods
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Structural Fill
Structural fill includes any fill materials placed under footings, slab-on-grade floors, concrete
aprons, walkways, asphalt pavements, and other structures which require a firm and unyielding
subgrade Typical materials used for structural fill include well-graded sand and gravel (pit-run),
clean sand, crushed rock, quarry spalls, controlled-density fill (CDF), lean-mix concrete, crushed
recycled concrete, and various soil mixtures of slit. sand, and gravel such as the native soils
Aggregate fill should be placed in horizontal lifts not exceeding 8 inches in loose thickness, and
each lift should be thoroughly compacted with a mechanical compactor Using the modified
Proctor maximum dry density (ASTM 0- 1557) as a standard, we recommend that structural fill
used for subgrades below the various types of on-site structures be compacted to the following
densitIes
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Subgrade Type
Compaction
90 percent
90 percent
90 percent
95 percent
90 percent
95 percent
90 percent
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Foundation
Slab-on-grade floor
Concrete walkway
Asphalt pavement (upper 1 foot)
Asphalt pavement (below 1 foot)
Concrete apron (upper 1 foot)
Concrete apron (below 1 foot)
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Regardless of material or location, all structural fill should be placed over firm, unyielding
subgrades prepared In accordance with the Site Preparation section of this report Compaction
should be verified by means of in-place density tests performed during fill placement In this
way, the adequacy of soil compaction efforts may be evaluated as earthwork progresses
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Soils used for structural fill should not contain Individual particles greater than about 6 inches
in diameter and should contain less than % percent (by weight) organics, debriS, and other
deleterious materials Given these prerequisites, the suitability of soils used for structural fill
depends primarily on the grain-size distribution and moisture content of the soils when they are
placed As the "fines" content (that soil fraction passing the U S No 200 sieve) increases,
soils become more sensitive to small changes in moisture content Soils containing more than
about 5 percent fines (by weight) cannot be consistently compacted to a firm. unyielding
condition when the moisture eontent IS more than about 2 percentage pOints above optimum
The use of "clean" soil will be necessary if fill placement proceeds during wet site conditions
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Clean soils are defined as granular sOlis that have a fines content of less than 5 pereent (by
weight) based on the soil fractIon passing the U S No 4 sieve
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In our opinion, the silty surficial sOIls encountered in the test pit excavations can be reused as
structural fill if their moisture content is :t 2 percent of its optimum moisture content
However, the fines content of these soils makes them somewhat moisture-sensitive and
susceptible to disturbance when wet Consequently, they could be difficult or impossible to
reuse during the winter and spring months. Even during the summer and fall, delays in grading
could occur due to precipitation or the presence of uncontrolled surface water or groundwater
If inclement weather occurs during earthwork, the upper wetted portion of the silty site soils
may need to be scarified and allowed to dry, or they should be removed and replaced with
clean granular fill or other suitable material
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Utility Trenching and Backfilling
We anticipate that utility trenching and backfilling will be performed concurrent with
construction We recommend that installation conform to all applicable Federal, State, and
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local regulations such as WISHA and OSHA regulations for open excavations
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In order to avoid compromising the support of existing utilities, we recommend that temporary
excavations do not encroach upon the bearing sOils below existing utilities This bearing area
should be considered to begin 3 feet away from the Widest point of the pipe, extending
downward at a 1 Yz H 1 V or 1 H 1 V slope, depending on the relative density of the sOIls
Medium dense soils should be cut at 1 Y2 H 1 V while dense soils may be cut at 1 H 1 V If, due
to space constraints, an open excavation cannot be completed without encroaching on an
existing utility, we recommend shoring the new utility excavation with a trench box or other
suitable shoring system
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We recommend that all utility subgrade soils be firm and unyielding and free of all soils which
are loose, disturbed or pumping Such soils should be removed and replaced, if necessary All
structural fill used to replace overexcavated soils should be compacted to a minimum of 90
percent of the modified Proctor soil maximum dry density per ASTM D-1557
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After firm utility subgrades have been achieved, we recommend that a minimum of 6 inches
of bedding material be placed in the trench bottom Bedding material for rigid and flexible pipe
should conform with Sections 9-03 15 and 9-03 16, respectively, of the 1994 WSDOT/APWA
Standard Specifications for Road, Bridge and MunicIpal Construction, or alternate materials
depending on the pipe material We further recommend that all bedding materials extend at
least 4 inches above utilities which require protection during subsequent trench backfilling All
trenches should be wide enough to allow for compaction around the haunches of the pipe
Otherwise, materials such as controlled density fill should be used to eliminate the mechanical
compactIon reqUIred
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Backfilling the remainder of the trenches could be completed With on-site soils provided they
can be compacted to the minimum levels specified All utility trench backfill should be
compacted to at least the minimum levels recommended in the Structural Fill section of this
report All stockpiled soils should be protected from wet weather conditions if they are
intended for reuse as trench backfill If imported soils are required for trench backfill, we
recommend they conform to WSDOT Specifications, Section 9-03 19, Bank Run Gravel for
Trench Backfill, or be approved by AEE Finally, we recommend that AEE be retained to
perform field inspections and density testing, as well as observe construction procedures
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Temporary Excavations and Slopes
For planning purposes, we tentatively recommend that temporary cut slopes Within the medium
dense, silty gravelly sand and underlying medium dense to dense sands and gravels be no
steeper than 1 ~ H 1 V and 1 H 1 V (Horizontal Vertical) respectively, but flatter slopes may be
necessary depending on environmental conditions All temporary slopes should be protected
from erosion if the slopes are near streets, utilities, or structures whIch could be compromised
due to undermining and loss of soil support
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The stability of temporary excavation slopes is a function of many factors, including sOIl type,
soil density, slope inclination, slope height, the presence of groundwater, and the duration of
exposure Although excavations up to 4 feet deep are frequently made with near-vertical sides,
the likelihood of bank failure increases as the cut is deepened and as the duration of exposure
increases For this reason, temporary slope safety should remam the responsibility of the
contractor, who is continually present at the site and is able to monitor the performance of the
excavation and modify his activities to reflect varying conditions In all cases, cut-slope
systems should conform to applicable governmental safety gUidelines
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Foundations
Based on our explorations, it is our opinion that conventional spread and continuous footings
will provide adequate support for the proposed structures if proper subgrade conditions are
established We recommend that all footings bear either directly on recompacted existing soils,
or on a prism of new structural fill placed above existing soils The following conclusions,
recommendations, and considerations are presented for purposes of footing design and
construction
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. If the existing soils are near optimum moisture content at the time of earthwork,
we recommend that the upper 1 foot of subgrade soil below the footmgs be
recompacted to at least 90 percent of the modified Proctor maximum dry density
(ASTM D- 1557) In contrast, if the moisture content of these SOils is too high
to allow compaction, we recommend that the upper 1 foot of soil below the
footings be overexcavated and replaced With structural fill compacted to at least
90 percent of the modified Proctor maximum dry density In either case, the
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Slab-Dn-Grade Floors
In our opinion, based on our explorations, slab-on-grade floors can be used in the proposed
sales building and car wash if proper subgrade conditions are established To minimize
settlement and associated cracking, we recommend that all slabs bear either directly on
umformly firm, unyielding, non-organic, existing soils or on structural fill placed over such native
soils In either case, the floor subgrade areas should be prepared as described in the Site
Preparation section of this report, the upper 6 inches of materials immediately below the floor
slabs should consist of the following layers (top to bottom)
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pnsm of recompacted native soil or compacted fill soil should extend outward
from each edge of the footing a minimum distance of 1 foot
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Under no circumstances should footings be constructed atop loose, soft, or
frozen sOIl, slough, debris, existing uncontrolled fill, or surfaces covered by
standing water
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Footings that bear on properly prepared subgrade sOils can be designed for a
maximum allowable soil bearing pressure of 2500 pounds per square foot (psf)
This allowable beanng pressure may be increased by one-third for short-term
wind or seismic loading
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For frost protection, exterior footings should penetrate at least 18 inches below
adjacent outside grade, whereas interior footings need extend only 12 inches
below adjacent grade or surrounding slab surface level Continuous and isolated
footings should be at least 18 and 24 inches wide, respectively
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We estimate that the total settlement of properly sized footings bearing on
properly prepared subgrades may approach Yz inch, with differential settlement
also on the order of Yz inch
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We recommend using an allowable foundation base friction value of 0 35 and a
maximum allowable passive earth pressure of 300 pcf, eqUIvalent fluid pressures
Passive earth pressure resistance should be neglected on that portion of
foundation elements within 1 foot of finished grade Structural fill placed around
foundation elements which are designed to develop passive resistance should be
compacted to a minimum of 90 percent of the modified Proctor maximum dry
density
.
In our opinion, Type II, cement would be suitable for all concrete which is
exposed to earth
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A 2-inch-thick curing -course of clean sand to allow proper curing of the concrete
slab and to protect the vapor barrier,
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A vapor barrier of plastic sheeting (such as Visqueen) to prevent the upward
migration of ground moisture, and
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A 4-inch-thick capillary break layer consisting of pea gravel or coarse sand and
gravel to retard the upward wicking of ground moisture Capillary break material
should contain less than 3 percent fines passing the U S #200 sieve, no more
than 10 percent fine sand, and at lest 50 percent retained on the U S #4 sieve,
with no aggregate larger than 1 inch
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Any structural fill used under the capillary break layer should be placed and compacted to at
least 90 percent of the modified Proctor maximum dry density (ASTM D-1557), as described
in the Structural Fill section of this report
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Drainage Systems
Given the type of soils underlying the site, it is our opinion that a permanent footing drainage
system around the new bUilding is not necessary provided the recommended vapor barrier IS
installed Our specific design recommendations are as follows
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Roof-runoff and surface-runoff water should discharge into tightline pipes and
be routed to a catch basin or other sUitable discharge location Under no
circumstances should roof-runoff and surface-runoff water be allowed to
discharge into the footing drain systems
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Final site grades should be sloped downward away from the building so that
runoff will flow by gravity to a suitable collection pOint, rather than ponding
adjacent to the completed building Ideally, the area immediately surrounding the
buIldings would be capped with an impermeable material such as concrete or
asphalt to preclude surface water infiltration
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If the building is surrounded by a perimeter footing drain system to collect
seepage water This footing drain should consist of a 4-inch diameter perforated
pipe within an envelope of pea gravel or washed rock extending at least 6 inches
on all sides of the pipe Pea gravel or washed rock should be sized appropriately
to prevent migration through the perforations in the drain pipes
Pavement Design Recommendations
Based on our explorations, we expect that the pavement subgrade will consist of medlum-
dense, silty gravelly sand Before paving begins, this subgrade should be proofrolled to a firm,
unyielding conditIon, then proof-rolled with a loaded dumptruck to verify the compaction Any
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soft, yielding areas disclosed dunng the proof-rolling operation should be excavated and
replaced with a sUItable structural fill material compacted according to the recommendations
given in the "Structural Fill" section of our previous report Specifically, the upper 1 foot of
subgrade soils should be compacted to at least 95 percent of the modified Proctor maximum
dry density (ASTM 0- 1557), and all other solis should be compacted to at least 90 percent
It should be noted, however, that most of the on-site soils will be difficult to compact during
the wet season, due to their high silt contents
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Critical features that govern the durability of a pavement section include the stabIlity of the
subgrade, the presence or absence of moisture, free water, and organics, the fines content of
the subgrade soils, the traffic volume, and the frequency of use by heavy vehicles Soil
conditions can be defined by a California Bearing RatIo (CBR), and traffic conditions can be
defined by a Traffic Index (TI) Based on our experience with similar soils, we estimate that the
on-site soils will provide a CBR value on the order of 25 percent We have also assumed a TI
value of 5 0 for the paved areas, which corresponds to traffic conditions involving frequent
passes by cars and occasional passes by tanker trucks Using these design criteria, we
recommend the following minimum pavement section
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Pavement Course
Minimum Thickness
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Asphalt Concrete Pavement
Crushed Rock Base
Granular Subbase
2 Y'2 inches
4 Inches
o inches
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For the base course, we recommend the use of imported, clean, uniform, %-inch minus crushed
rock similar to that specified in the 1994 DOT Standard Specifications for Road, Bridge and
Municipal Construction, Section 9-03 9(3) Crushed Surfacing, Top Course Alternatively,
pulverized asphalt or concrete derived from off-site sources could be used, provided that it has
a similar particle gradation and durability characteristics. All base course and subgrade materral
should be compacted to at least 95 percent of the modified Proctor maximum dry density
(ASTM 0-1557) as described in the "Structural Fill" section of our previous report
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It should be emphasized that no asphaltic pavement is maintenance-free The above-described
pavement section represents our minimum recommendatIon for an average level of performance
during a 20-year design life, therefore, an average level of maintenance will likely be required
Selection of the actual pavement section should be based on the desired pavement performance
and on economic considerations Thicker asphalt and base courses would offer better long-term
performance, but would cost more initially, thinner pavement courses would be more
susceptible to "alligator" cracking and other failure modes As such, pavement design can be
considered as a compromise between a high initial cost and low maintenance costs versus a
low initial cost and high maintenance costs
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For concrete pavement sections, we recommend a minimum 6 inch thick slab over 6 Inches of
crushed gravel Furthermore, we recommend that the concrete have a minimum rupture
modulus (flexural strength) of at least 500 psi
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CLOSURE
The conclusions and recommendations presented in thIs report are based, In part, on the
explorations accomplished for this study If significant variations in subsurface conditions are
later discovered, we may need to revise our report Because the future performance and
integrity of the foundations and the success of the earthwork depend largely on proper initial
site preparation, drainage, and construction procedures, monitoring by experienced geotechnical
personnel should be considered an integral part of the construction process We are available
to review any design plans and specifications, and to monitor the earthwork and foundation
construction phases of the project. If variations in the subgrade conditions are observed at that
time, we would be able to provide additional geotechnical recommendatIons to minimize delays
as the project develops AEE can also provide testing and inspection of concrete and
reinforcing steel throughout construction
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We appreciate the opportunity to be of service on this project Should you have any questions
regarding this report or any aspects of the project, please do not hesitate to call
Respectfully submitted, ~~~"ll!
(V' ~~S A. if.
t<9 \\~ W ASIjJ: O.tV <
AGRA Earth & Environme t,~.,~, tc .;---;~~ <'VQ_~to
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Thomas A. Jones, P E
Senior Project Engineer
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Kurt D Merriman, P E
Associate
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Enclosures
Site & Exploration Plan, Figure 1
Test Pit Logs TP-1 and TP-2
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Earth & Environmental
VELM AVENUE EAST {STATE ROAD 507}
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PUMP ISLANDS
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PARKING (TVP )
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l PROPOSED SALES BUILDING \
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\ TP-2
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UNDERGROUND
STORAGE TANKS
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11335 NE 122nd Way, suite 100
Kirkland, washington. U SA 98034-6918
LEGEND
TP-2
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TEST PIT NUMBER AND APPROXIMATE
LOCATION
o 4-0 BO
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SCALE IN fn:.i
VEL'" TEXACO
VELy':WAS,",ltlGTON
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DESIGN ..w---
DRAWN ~
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SCALE ~
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SITE. EX.,LQI.\ATlON PLAN
fIGURE 1
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Deoth (feet)
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00-20
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20-60
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60-85
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25-70
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70-90
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TEST PIT LOGS
Material Descriotion
Test Pit TP- 1
Location
Approximate ground surface elevation
feet/Unknown
Medium dense, moist, black, silty gravelly fine to medium
SAND, some cobbles, minor organics
Dense, moist, brown, gravelly, cobbly fine to medium SAND
Rounded cobbles to 10-inch diameter, trace-source silt.
Medium dense, moist, brown, fine SAND, trace-source silt.
Test pit terminated at approximately 8 5 feet
Minor caving at ~ feet
No seepage observed
Test Pit TP-2
Location
Approximate ground surface elevation
feet/Unknown
Medium dense moist, black silty gravelly fine to medium SAND
Minor organics
Dense, moist, brown gravelly cobbly fine to medium SAND
Some cobbles to a-inch diameter, trace-source silt.
Medium dense, moist, brown fine SAND Some rounded gravel,
trace silt.
Test pit terminated at approximately 9 feet
Minor caving at _ feet
No seepage observed
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Date excavated 23 February 1996
Logg~d by C Cacek
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6-917-108150
Samole No.