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20100177 Draft Drainage Report 072210DRAFT DRAINAGE REPORT FOR SALMON RUN APARTMENTS 10720 VANCIL ROAD SOUTHEAST YELM, WA 98597 Prepared: July 22, 2010 By: Chad Heimbigner, P.E., LEED AP Coffman Project #10247 L. ., ~s~ V< 25870 DRAFT Prepared By: ~COFFMAN 10 N. Post Street, Suite 500 Spokane, WA 99201 (509)328-2994 ~~~~~~~D B Y: -------------------- TAI3LI~, OF CONTI~NTS Project Description .................................................................................. ......................................1 Methodology ........................................................................................... ......................................1 Topographic Data .................................................................................... ......................................1 Soils ......................................................................................................... ...................................... I Peak Flow, Volume and Disposal Calculations ...................................... ......................................2 1. Runoff and Rainfall Data ........................................................... ......................................2 2. Hydrology Computations ........................................................... ......................................2 3. Stormwater Treatment ................................................................ ......................................3 Conclusions ............................................................................................. ......................................3 ATTACHMENTS "A": Vicinity Map "B": Geotechnical Report "C": Drainage Basin Map "D": Hydrology Calculations C®FFiV1~4iV N G I N E E R S Salmon Run Drainage Report PRO.TI)CT DESCRIPTION The proposed project is located at 10720 Vancil Road SE in Yelm, Washington. The on-site improvements consist of the addition of five (5) new multi-family residential buildings with a total of forty (40) units and one (1) cotmnunity building. Paved parking lots, sidewalk, playground and landscaped areas are also included in the development. The storm water management improvements for the subject site consist of bio-infiltration swales and subsurface infiltration galleries. The project is located in Ye]m in a portion of the southeast ~/a and northeast'/a of Section 3Q Township 17 North, Range 2 EasC, City of Yelm, W.M. Thurston County, Washington. (See Vicinity Map, Attachment .,A,,,) METHODOLOGY Stormwater generated on-site will utilize best management practices recommended in the Stonnu~ater Mmtagernent Manual for Westent Washington, as published by the Washington State Department of Ecology, February 2005. The SCS Method is used to determine the water quality design storm volume from a 6-month, 24-hour storm event. The Rational Method is also used in conjunction with the Bowstring Method to determine the drawdown time associated with a 2-year return frequency. Stormwater disposal is based on recommendations from the geotechnical report contained herein. TOPOGRAPHIC DATA The existing site is undeveloped and relatively flat, with a gentle slope from the northeast down to the southwest. The site is covered with low growing vegetation and a few trees. Slopes on-site range from 1% to 3%. SOILS Soils for the subject site are classified as Nisqually loamy fine sand, 3 Co 15 percent slopes (74 =soil unit symbol) and Spanaway gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (110 =soil unit symbol) in accordance with the Web Soil Survey, 77iurstori County, Washington, as published by the Natural Resources Conservation Sewice. On-site soils were sampled and classified by the project geotechnical engineers, Tema Associates, Inc. This was accomplished by excavating seven test pits, obtaining samples and performing laboratory testing. Tena Associates, Inc. indicated infiltration facilities would be suitable for the subjects site. Based on their analysis, an estimated long-term design infiltration rate of two inches per hour can be used for sizing of the infiltration facilities. A copy of the Terra Associates, Inc., Geotechraical Report, dated May 2010, is included in Attachment "B". Groundwater was not observed during the test pit excavations. C®FFIVIAN NGINEERS Salmon Run Drainage Report PIsAK PLOW VOLUMIi AND DISPOSAL CALCULATIONS Runoff associated with the design storm event, generated by the Salmon Run project, will be retained on- site utilizing bio-infiltration swales. The swales combine vegetation and soils to remove stormwater pollutants by percolation into the ground. The SCS Method is used to determine the water quality design storm volwne from a 6-month, 24-hour storm event. Runoff from Che on-site drainage basins is directed to bio-infiltration swales. The Swale bottoms are relatively flat, with longitudinal slopes less than 1%. stormwater is allowed to pond to a treatment depth of 6" before overflowing into a catch basin which discharges to subsurface infiltration galleries. The Rational Method is used in conjunction with the Bowstring Method to determine the drawdown time associated with a 2-year return frequency. The geotechnieal engineer provided an inflUation rate of 2 inches per hour for the stormwater management facilities. This rate was applied to the bottom area of the infiltration galleries. The swales in conjunction with the infihration galleries were sized to not exceed a drawdown time of 48 hours. 1. Runoff and Rainfall Data The 6-month, 24-hour storm value used for the SCS Method was estimated as 72070 of the 2-year, 24-hour rainfall amount as recommended by the Stor~nwater Management Manual for Western Was•12rngton. The 2-year, 24-hour rainfall amount was obtained from an isopluvial map for the state of Washington. The rainfall intensities utilized with the Bowstring Method were calculated using an equation in Section 2-5.4 of the WSDOT Hydraulics Manual, along with rainfall coefficients from Figure 2-5.4A associated with a 2-year storm event. 2. Hydrology Computations The site has been divided into two drainage basins, labeled `Basin A' and `Basin B' (see Drainage Basin Map, Attachment "C"). The SCS Method is used to determine the water quality design storm volume from a 6-month, 24-hour storm event. See Attachment "D" for Hydrology Calculations. The following table summarizes the results of the basin calculations. Treatment `Treatment Infiltration Basins Drains Storage Storage Gallery Within Required Provided llimensions 48 Hours ' (CP') (Cr) (W x L x D) Basin A Yes 1098 1098 5' x 93' x 5' Basin B Yes 2254 228]. 8' x 127' x 5' C®FFtd1AN NGINEERS 3. Stormwater Treatment Salmon Run Apartments Drainage Report. Per the geotechnical report, groundwater was not observed during the Lest pit excavations. According to the Stm~nwater Ma~~tager~aerxt Manual for Werteni Was/iuxgton site suitability criteria, the subject site is suitable for infiltration systems. Runoff from Ure parking lot areas and hydraulically connected sidewalks is treated with the bio-infiltration swales. Pcr the City of Yelm, roof runoff was included in the total storm runoff volumes, buC not included as a pollutant generating source for the heatmcnt volume calculations. CONCLUSIONS The above described stormwater management improvements will provide the necessary systems to control and treat runoff associated with the design stortn events for the Salmon Run development. Refer to the attachments for additional information. 3 VICINITY MAP ATTACHMENT "A" ~l"1'1~: VICINITYMAP ATTAC~IMENT "A" GEOTECHNICAL REPORT ATTACHIvIENT "B" o H Va 0'1' ° . ~ o , 0 0 ~ 'C a a m °'° ~ m ~ z ° ' ~ ~ d e ' -~' M N ' a rD Dl N N N 9 „~ r t O .C 1 N. ' C c. , ' ~' N '"~' N N .{ N d'< a ~'.. M17 W O W N .Z d `~ 3 ` 5 ~ ~ ~ ~r n O ~ W N 01 O of ~ ~ (,; pl i! u' b ;,.r ro ~' ?~ n' ~ C to a A cn ~ ~ i.r ~ D ~-+ p ~ C 0 ~ CEOTECF~NlCAL REPORT Salmon Run Apartments 10720 Vanci! Road SE Yelm, Washington Project No. Td6437 Prepared for: TimE3ar River E3evelopment Eellevue, °J~ashington !}flay 5, 2010 TE~~tA ~.SSC)CIATE~, inc. Consultants in Geotechnical Engineering, Geology and Environmental [arAt Sciences May S, 2010 Project No. T-6437 Mr. Mark Rozgay Timber River Development 2223 - 1 12th Avenue NE, Suite 102 Bellevue, Washington 98004 Subjece Geotechnical Report Salmon Run Apartrnents 10720 Vancil Road SE Yehn, Washington Dear Mr. Rozgay: As requested, we have conducted a eeotecJrnical engineering study fbr the subject project. Our field esploradon indicates the site is generally underlain by 2 !0 2.5 feet of organic GIl material overlying variable glacial sediments composed of silty sand, sand with silt, variable gravel content, and gravel with sand, The fill materials are not suitable for the support of the proposed buildings and pavements. The fill materials will need to be removed from structural and pavernem subgrades. The attached report presents our findings and recommendations for the geotecfmical aspects of project design and construction. We bust the information presented in this report is sufficient for your current needs. If you have any questions or require additional infomtatiou, please call. Sa=/4 12525 Willpw5 Road, Suite 101, Kirkland, Vdashingtoit 98034 Phone {425) 1321-7777 • Fas (425) 821-4334 Sincerely yours, TE32RA ASSOCIATES, I~IC. Carolyn Scheppcr, E.LT. rnn-,x of ron rF,~rs Pane No. 1.0 Project Description 2.0 Scope of Work...,.. 3.0 SiteCondilious ..................................................................... ...........................................2 3.1 Surface ..................................................................... ...........................................2 3.2 Subsurface ............................................................... ...........................................2 3.3 Groundwater ........................................................... ............................................2 4.0 Gcologicl3arards ................................................................ ............................................? 4.1 SeismieConsideratious .......................................... ............................................2 4.2 Erosion ................................................................... ............................................ 3 4.3 Landslide Hazard .................................................... ............................................ 3 5.0 Discussion and Recommendations ....................................... ........................................... 4 S.1 General .................................................................... ........................................... 4 5.2 Site Preparation end Grading .................................. ........................................... 4 5.3 Exca~•ations ............................................................. ...........................................5 5.4 Foundation Support ................................................. ........................................... 5 5.~ Floor Slab-on-Grade ............................................... ............................................ ~i 5.G Storniwater Infiltration Feasibility .......................... ...........................................6 5.7 Drainage ................................................................. ............................................ 7 5.8 Utilities ................................................................... ............................................7 5.9 Pavement ................................................................ ............................................ S G.0 Additional Services ............................................................. ............................................ S 7.0 Liuuttations ........................................................................... ............................................ S Fi~ures Vicinity Map ........................................................................................................................ F'ieure I Expioration Location Plan .................................................................................................... Fi~.;urc 2 Apnendic Field Exploration aad Laboratory Testing ........................................................................Appendix A Geotechnical Report Salmon Run Apartments 10720 Vancii Road SE Yelm, Washington L0 YROJrCT' DL;SC12t1'TION The project consists of developing the site with live new apartment buildings, a community building, a play area, and associated parking and utilities. Based on the conceptual site plan prepared by7_eck Bultcr Architects dated September 2, 2003, the buildings will be located on the outer edges of the property with the community building and play area located in the center, t,Ve expect that the aparroneut structures and the recreational building will be hvo-story wood-framed buildings consuvcted at grade. Suucwral loading should be relalivety light with bearing walls carrying loads o1'2 to 3 kips per toot and isolated columns carrying maximum loads of 30 to 40 kips. ']'he recommendations in the following sectirnrs of this report are based on our understanding of the preceding design Features. We should review design drawings as they become available to verify that our recoromendatians have been properly interpreted and to supplemrent them, if required. 2.0 SCOP)/ Or \1'ORK Our work was completed in accordance with our proposal dated July 16, 2009. On April 27, ?010, we observed soil conditioms at 7 test pits excavated to depths ranging from 3 l0 10 feet below existing grade. Using the inConnation obtained from the substuface exploration, w-e performed analyses to develop geoteclmical rcconnnendations for project design and construction. Specifically, this report addresses the following: • Soil and groundwater conditions • Seismic design parameters per 2006 International Building Code (IBC) • Geologic critical areas • Site preparation and grading roundatio»s • C'loat slabs at grade • Starmwater infiltration feasibility • Subsurface drainage • Utilities • Pavemeuls It should be noted that recommendations outlined in this report regarding drainage are associated with soil suv ngth, desig» earth pressures, etrosion, and stability. Design and perfonuance issues with respect to moisture as it relates to the sh'ucture environment (i.e., humidity, mildew, mold) is beyond Tema Associates' purview. A building envelope specialist or contractor should be consulted to address these issues, as needed. May 5, 2010 Project No. T-G437 3.0 SITC CONDITIONS 3.1 Surface 'fhe site is located at 10720 Vancil Road in Yelm, til'ashington. 'hhe approximate site location is shown on Figure I. The site is rectangular with a pan handle that extends towards the west. The site is currently undeveloped and is covered with tall grass, brush, small trees, and a few mature gees. We observed household tUbbish scattered throughout the site. 7~he site is bordered by single-family residences to the south and west, an open field to the east, and a retail center to the north. The site and vicinity are relatively level. The grand surface on the site is mteven suggesting some past grading may have ocewred. 3.2 Subsurface l'w'e observed 2 to 2.5 feet of organic fill material immediately below existing grades. Beneath the fill mantel, all of our test pits encountered and were terminated within glacial sediments composed of silty sand, sand with silt and a variable gravel content, and gravel with sand, The Geologic rldn!' ql dre Cenn•alin Qrrndrm+gle, ii~nshingkm, by Henry W. Schasse (1947), show the site is within an area mapped as "Vashou Outwash Gravel" (Qdvg). Native soil conditions we observed at our test pill are generally consistent with the geologic conditions shown on the map. The preceding discussion is intended to be a general review of the soil conditions encoumered. For more detailed descriptions, please refer to the Test Pit Logs in Appendix A. 3.3 Groundwater We did not observe groundwater seepage in the test pit excavations at the time of our exploration. We did observe some wet soil conditions suggesting areas of shallow seepage possibly develop during the nomtally wet winter season. However, based ou soil conditions and labot~atot}- test results, we expect these areas would be limited in extent. 4.0 GEOLOGICAL HAI.ARDS 4.1 Seismic Considerations Section 14.OS.130 of the Yelm Municipal Code (YMC) defines Seismic hazard areas as areas subject to severe risk of damage as a result of earthquake induced ground shaking, slope failure, settlement, soil liquefaction, lateral spreading, m' surface faulting. Lique(action is a phenomenon where there is a reduction or complete loss of soil strength due to an increase in water pressure induced by vibrations. Liquefaction mainly affects geologically recent deposits of fine-grained sand that is below the groundwater table. Soils of this nature derive their strength from intergramtlar friction. The generated water pressure or pore pressure essentially separates the soil grains and eliminates this intergranular friction; duty, eliminating the soil's strength, Page Na. 2 ;`lay s, 2010 Project No. "h-6437 Based on the soil mrd groundwater conditions we observed, it is our opinion that the hazards for liquefaction or settlement at this site during an earthquake and their associated risk or impacts are negligible. Based on soil conditions observed in the test borings and our kno~~dedge of the area geology, per Chapter iG of the 2006 International Building Code (1BC), site class "C`~ should be used in structural design. Based on this site class, in accordance wish the 2006 IBC, the following parameters should be used in computing seismic forces: Seisuric Desi~rr Pm•aurelers (IBC'2006) Spectral response acceleration (Short Period), S~ 1.139 Spectral response acceleration (1 -Second Period), Si 0.558 Site coefficient, F, 1.000 Site coefficient, F,. 1.402 Five percent damped .2 samtd period, SD, 0.759 Five percent damped 1.0 second period, Sr„ 0.373 Values determined using the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Gromtd Motion Parameter Calculatrn accessed on April 28, 3010 at the web site 17~~;1`iairh rgsakq.ns~c~ants'researely'hazm?psldcsian,'index.pl~. d.2 Erosion Section 14.OS.130 of the Y~9C defines L-rosion hazard areas as areas are at least those areas identified by the U.S. Deportment of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service as having a "moderate to severe," "severe," or "very severe" rill and inter-rill erosion hazard. lirosion hazard areas are also those areas impacted by shore land and/or stream bank erosion and those areas within a river's channel migration zone. The soils encountered on-site are classified as Nisqually loamy fine sand and Spanaway gravelly sandy loran by the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Soil Classification System. R'ilh the existing slope gradients, these soils will have a slight to moderate potential for erosion when exposed. Therefore, the site is not an erosion hazard area as defined by the YMC. Regardless, erosion protection measures as required by the City of Yelm will aced Io be in place prior to starting grading activities on the site. This wotdd include perimeter silt fencing to contain erosion on-site and cover measures to prevent or reduce soil erosion during and following construction. 4.3 Landslide Ila~ard Section 14.OS.I30 of the YMC defines Landslide hazard areas as areas potentially su~jcet to landslides based on a combination of geologic, topographic, and hydrologic factors. They include areas susceptible because of any combination of bedrock, soil, slope {gradient), slope aspect, structure, hydrology, or other factors. Based on the soil and topographic conditions of the site, no portions of the site are susceptible to risk of mass movement and; therefore, no portions of the site would be considered a landside heard area. Page No. 3 \7a}~ 5, ?010 Project No. T-6437 5.0 DISCUSSION AND I2EC'O117MENllATION'S 5.1 General Dared on our study, there are no geotechnical considerations that mould preclude development of the site, as currently planned. lIowever, as described earlier, our exploration indicates the upper 2 to 2 %z feet of soil is till material That contains a considerable amount of organic soil. In our opinion, this upper soil horizon will not be suitable For support of building foundations or iuunediate support of floor slabs and pavements. The buildings can be supported on conventional spread footings bearing on competent native soils observed below this upper 2 to 2.5 feet of ortanic fill material or on stntctural fill placed and compacted above competent mineral native soils. Pavement and floor slabs can be similarly supported. "1'he following sections provide detailed recwumendations retarding the preceding issues and other geotechnical design considerations. These recommendations should be incorporated into the final design drawings and construction specifications. 5.2 Site Preparation and Grading To prepare the site for construction, all vegetation, organic surface soils, and other deleterious material should be stripped and removed from the buildint and paved areas. Surface stripping depths of about 2 to 2.5 feet should be expected to remove the organic surface fill. The organic fill material will not be suitable for use as sultetural fill, but may be used f2>r limited depths in nonshvetural areas. Once clearing and stripping operations are complete, cut and fill operations can be initiated to establish desired building grades. Prior to placing tiff, all exposed bearing surflxes should be observed by a representative of l'erra Associates to verify soil conditions are as expected and suitable for support of new fill or building elements, Our representative may request a proofroll usint beefy rubber-tired equipment to determine if any isolated soft and yielding areas are present. If excessively yieldint areas are observed, and they cannot be stabilized in place by compaction. the affected soils should be excavated and removed to fine bearing and grade restored with new structural fill. If the depth of excavation to remove unstable soils is excessive, the use of teotextile fabrics, such as Mirafi 500X, or an equivalent fabric, can be used in conjunction wish clean granular stntctural fill. Our experience has shown that, in tencral, a minimum of 13 inches of a clean, granular structural fill place and compacted over the geotextile Fabric should establish a stable bearint surface. The ability to use native soil from site excavations as structural 611 will depend on its moisture content and the prevailing weather conditions at the time of consintetion. "fine fines content of the granular native oulwash observe below the till horizon typically ranges between five to 12 percent. Gravel outwash with a fines content of Iess than five percent was observed at 'l'est Pits TP-4 and TP-7 below a depth of five feet. In our opinion, these native soils will be suitable for use as structural 611 and trench back6ll. However, the fines content of most of ouhvash will make the soil slightly to moderately moistm'e sensitive and close moistwe control swill be required to facilitate proper compaction. During dq~ weather conditions, the contractor should be prepared to add water in order to facilitate compaction. lluring wet weather, the fines content of the ouhvash mny cause the soil to become unstable in a (ill condition and unsuitable for use as fill. In this case, the contractor should be prepared to dry the soil back to suitable moisture concur by aeration or use an additive such as cement kihn dust, Penland cement, or lime to stabilize the moisture. if an additive is used, the p] [ of the soil will be elevated and additional measures for monitoring pli of stornnwater nmoff along with mitigation measures will need to be included in the projects' Stone Water Pollution Prevention Program (SW'PPl'), Page No. 4 May $, 2010 Project No. T-6437 If importing soil fbr grading or back(illing during wet weather conditions becomes necessary, we recommend impaling a granular soil that meets the following gtnding requirements: U S, Riete Size ,~ .~„~, s ,K... ~~ ~. Percent Pacsin:~,,,~„~,, .~„~..~,. _._. 0 ,.~,.. No.4 75 maximum No. 200 5 maximum"' Based on the 3/4-inch fraction. Prim to use, Tema Associates, Inc. should examine and test all materials imported io the site for use as sultctmal r u. Shuctural fill should be placed in uniform loose layers not exceeding 12 inches and compacted to a minimum of 95 percent of the soil's maximum dry density, as determined by American Society for Testing and Materials (AS'fM) Test Designation ll-698 (Standard Proctor). The moisture content of the soil at the time of compaction should be within two percent of its optimum, as determined by this ASTM standard. In nonsnvcutnl areas, the degree of compaction can be reduced to 90 percent. 5.3 Excavations All excavations at the site associated with confined spaces, such as utility wenches, must be eoutpleted in accordance with local, state, and federal requirements, Based on regulations outlined in the \\'ashington Industrial Safety and Health Act (WISHA), the glacial sediments observed would be classified as Type C soils. Accordingly, lentpa'ary excavations in Type C soils should have (heir slopes laid back at an inclination of 1.5:1 Q9ori-r_ontal;Vertical) or flatter, from the toe to the crest of the slope. All exposed slope faces should be covered with a durable reinforced plastic membrane during consUuction to prevent slope raveling and noting during periods of precipitation. Por utility trenches, a properly designed and installed shoring trench box can be used to support the excavation sidewalls. The above information is provided solely tax the benefit of the owner and other design consultants, and should not be constmed to imply That Term Associates, Inc. assumes responsibility for job site sai'ety. It is understood that job site safely is the sole responsibility of the project contractor. 5.4 houudation Support The buildings can be supported on conventional spread footing foundations bearing on competent native soils or nn structural fills placed above competent native soils. Founda(ion subgrade should be prepared as recommended in Section 5.2 of this report. Perimeter ('oundations exposed to the weather shrndd bear a minimum depth of 1.5 feet below final exterior grades for frost pmtcetiat. interior foundations can be constructed at any convenient depth below the f]oor slab. Foundations can be dimensioned for a net allowable bearing capacity of 2,500 pounds per syuarc foot (psf). For short-term loads, such as wind and seismic, none-third increase in this allowable capacity can be used. \4%ith structural loading as anticipated and This bearine stress applied, estimated local settlements are less than one-inch. Page No. 5 \Ray 5, 2010 Project No. T'-6437 1=or designing foundations to resist lateral loads, a base friction coefficient of 0.35 can be used. Passive earth pressures acting on the side of the footing and buried portion of the foundatimr stem wall can also be considered. We recommend calculating this lateral resistance using an equivalent fluid weight ol'300 pef. We recommend not including the upper (2 inches of soil in this computation because they can be affected by weather or disturbed by future grading activiq'. This vahte assumes the foundation will be constructed neat against competent native soil or back611ed with shuchrral fill as described in Section ~.2 of this report. The values recommended include a safety factor of 1.5. 5.5 Floor Slab-on-Grade Slab-on-grade iloot~ can be supported on subgrade prepared as rcconunended in Section 5.2 of This report. It is typically recmnmended to place afour-inch thick capillary break layer composed oi' clean, coarse sand or fine gravel that has less than three percent passing the \o. 200 sieve immediately below the slab. This material reduces the potential for upward capillary movement of water Ihroueh the underlying soil and subseyueut wetting of the flan' Slab. F{ON'eVCi', in om• opinion, if clean native ouhvash that racers the criteria described above is exposed at the floor subgrade elevation or used as structural fill to establish the door grade, it would not be necessary to impml material for placement as capillary break below the slabs. A representative of Tetra Associates should observe the subgrade to verify the suitability of the native anu~ash to serve as the capillary break layer at the time of construction. "1'he capillary break layer will not prevent moisture inuvsion through the slab caused by water vapor h'ansmission. Where moisture by vapor transmission is undesirable, such as covered tlom areas, n common practice is to place a durable plastic membrane on the capillary break layer and then cover the membrane with a layer of clean sand or fine gravel to protect it from damage during construction, and to aid in uniform curing of the concrete slab. It should be noted that if rite sand or gravel layer overlying the membrane is saturated prior to pouring the slab, it will not be effective in assisting uniE'orm cwing of the slab and can actually serve ns n water supply for moisture bleeding through the slab, potentially affecting floor coverings. 'therefore, in our opinion, covering the membrane with a layer of sand or grave{ should be avoided if floor slab construction occurs during the wet winter months and the layer cannot be effectively drained. \Ve recommend floor desio rcrs and contractors refer to the 2003 American Concrete Lnstiune (ASI) ivlanuai of Concrete Practice, Part 2, 302.]R-9G, for further information regarding vapor barrier installation below slab-on-grade floors. 5.6 Stormwatcr Iutiltratiom Feasibility We expect that infiltration facilities wilt be considered for stormwater management. T'hc recessional ouhvash sands and gravels we observed nt the site would be a suitable receptor formation for infiltration discharge, Depending on the location of the intiluation facilities, it may be necessary to excavate t7ve feet m' more bebw cun'ent site grades to reach the suitable ouhvash layer. To determine the long-term design infiltration rate, we used Method 2 as outlined in Section 3.3.G, Vohnue Ill of the Ecology`s S'rornnc~nrer rYlnnugenrenr ,Llmuurl,/nr I['csrcrn {['n.rlrrrrgrun. This method correlates the long-term infiltration rate with gradation tasting of the soils iu accordance with ASTM Test Designation D-422. Gradation curves from laboratory testing on the soils are attached in Appendix A. Based of the results of the testing and on Figure 3.S in Ecology's Snunnrarer Mmmc»uarr Manual frn [fes«rn Tf~uslti»g!u», we reeonnueud using a long- term design infltration rare of hvo inches par hour. Page Ao. G May 5, 2010 Project Ao. T-6437 The permeability of the native outwash soils will be significantly impacted by the inulrsion of soil fines (silt- and clay-sized particles). Even a relatively minor mnount of soil fines can reduce the permeability of the formation by a factor of ten. "I'he greatest exposure to soil fines contamination will occur dw'ing mass grading and construction. Therefore, we reconunend that the "Temporary Erosion and Sedimentation Control (TGSC) plots route construction stonnwater to a location other than the permanent infiltration site. If this is not possible, the TIiSC pond bottom elevation should be kept two feet above the final infiltration elevation wish final grade established after site areas have been substantially stabilized. 1Ve should review stornnvater management plans when they become available to verify suitability of soils in the planned locations and to provide supplemental discussion and recommendations, if needed. 5.7 Dnxinxec Srnface Final exterior grades should promote free and positive drainage away Gan the site at all times. \1'ater must not be allowed to pond or collect adjacent to foundations or within the immediate building areas. We recommend providing a gradient of at least three percent for a minimum distance of ten feel [i'an the building periutcters. If this gradient camtot be provided, surface water should be collected adjacent to the shuclures and disposed to appropriate storm facilities. Sabsmface Considering the well-drained nature of the native site soils, provided the finish floor grade is al or above the adjacent exterior grade and positive drainage ateay from the strueture is maintained, in our opinion, perimeter foundation drains would not be required. If these conditions are not met, footing drains should be placed at the perimeter of each structure. The footing drains should consist of a ('our-inch diameter perforated PVC pipe that is enveloped in clean washed /-inch drainage aggregate. The aggregate envelope should extend a minimum of six inches above and to the sides of the pipe and three inches below the pipe invert. The drain pipe can be placed at a mtifain grade wish an invert cyuivalent to the bottom of the adjacent fooling and tied to discharge into the development storm system. Reverse gradient or bellies in the pipe must be avoided. Surface water discharge elements such as downspouts or yard drains should not be tied directly or indirectly info the footing drains. 5.8 Utilities Utility pipes should be bedded and backGlled in accordance with American Public Works Association (APWA) or City of Yelm specifications. As a minimum, trench backfill should be placed and compacted as structural fill, as desuibed in Section S.2 of this report. During wet weather conditions, it may be necessary to import suitable wet weather soil for use as backfill, 5.9 Pavement Pavement subgrades should be prepared as described in the Section ~,2 of this report. Regardless othhe degree of relative compaction achieved, the subgrade must be hint and relatively unyielding before paving. The subgrade should be prroofrolled with heavy construction equipment to verify this condition. Page. No. 7 May 5, 2010 Project No. T-6437 The pavement design section is dependent upon the supporting capability of dte subgrade soils and the traffic conditions to which it will be subjected. For on-site access and parking, with u'affic consisting mainly of light passenger vehicles with only occasional heavy trafiio, and with a stable subgrade prepared as recommended, we recommend the following pavement sections: • Two inches of hot mix asphalt (NMA) over four inches of crushed rock base (Cit13} • l\vo inches of Hi41A over three inches ofasphalt-treated base (AT}3} The paving materials used should conform to the lvashington State Departntcnt of Transportation (WSDO"I') specifications for %:.-inch class I-IMA, ATB, and CRI3. Long-teen pavement performance will depend on surface drainage. Apoorly-drained pavement section will be subject to premature failure as a result of surface water infiltrating into the subgrade soils and reducing their supporting capability. Por optimum pavement performance, we recommend surface drainage gradients of at least two percent. Some degree of longitudinal and transverse cracking of the pavement surface should be expected over time. Regular maintenance should be planned to seal cracks when they occw. 6.0 ADDI'lTONAL SERVICTS "Pena Associates, Cnc. should review the final design drawings and specifications in order to verify that earthwork and foundation recommendations have been properly interpreted and implemented in project design. We should also provide geoteclmical service during construction to observe compliance with ow' design concepts, specifications, and recommendations. 'Phis will allow for design changes if subsurface conditions differ from those anticipated prior to the start of constntction. 7.0 LTV•II'PATIONS We prepared this report in accordance wish generally accepted geoteelmieal engineering practices. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made, This repotl is the copyrighted properly of'I'erra Associates, Eta and is intended for specific application to the Salmon Run Apartments project. This repotl is for the exclusive use of Timber River Development and its authorized representatives. The analyses and reconttnendations present in this report are based on data obtained from the test pits and borings done on site. Variations iu soil conditions can occur, the nature and extent ol'which may not become evident until constntction. If variations appear evident, "fen'a ,Associates, Inc. should be requested to reevaluate the recommendations inthis report prim to proceeding with construction. Page No. S ~,a ~,u G4 ~"%a ? ul !' ~° Cre'ck 4°~~ O3~ ac> q~d f '~'r ~~ T1 `'s `G~;a kh 100th Way SE' ~6~i'p 57~~ - F:7R SIEUBII& FlameOt~ry ~~P n~a~ ~7 ~~+ fir! ~6 ~~ sr~ a i/Psf~~ P h S~ NE 143rd Ave 1D3rtl Ave SE. Odd Ye!m-Mc Kenna F cy • ,_ '+.i n m n ~~ ~ ~ G.P@~~ . rn ~~ryi G m ASS m ~~e q ~gN 4h Ave SE ~ m ~r?d NE ` ~ 5QT ~+ a ~ ra 5t SE ~. Y SE a ~ ~ n rn ~ ~J~~Y~r ` a "~ Safeway z I ~ ~ ~ ~ /V' rn ~>~ I i m k~fi 107th 515E ~ ~vKtanC St S~ iI m ~ ~ n ,• ~ ~ ~I i, 3 ~ W 1 , ~, m rn 109th Ave SE °~' ``~ d ~~ ~F a j I -- - r Cfark R6 Sk ~ '' ~~ REFERENCE: GOGGLE MAPS. WWW.GOOGLE.COM. ACCESSED 4-27-2010 NOT TO SCALE -terra VICINITY MAP '• SALMON RUN APARTMENTS Associates? fr1C. YELM, WASHINGTON - Consultants In Geotechnical Engineering Geology and Environmental Earth SGences Proj. No.T-6437 Date MAY 2010 Figure 1 °' w a z - w .. ~~~ ~~~ ~~ zwz r. ~ I z .:. -, w tea= g - 77 I -- ~ 1 ~, ~ ~ $ oj3 ~ °< ~J O ~ ® ~=1_ ,~ o ~ , o ~ a -- U ~ j ~, ~ U a~ f6~oe ~ ~ JJ f6 s ~' ~ r' ~ ~ ~. ~ ~~ -' I -- ~ H Q a r i ,, . i.9,- ^` ~ _ - i n~ r_. ~,_.~ ~ __~ o ~~_ 1 ~ ~.. ~ --°QQ~~ ttI ~I`TI- nunaon v Q-~._-Q -I If-i-, ~~ o ~~ ~- ~-~ a I o w ! z r w w iJ w n // ~ J O _L. _ v a (\ ..~ - ~ 1- ~ Y~ ~ h -- ~ ~~ _l~ ~ ~~o r~ p wLL a w. - - ~I goo ~~a --- ~ "'°_ of =4QU m ~~ ~w;y w .I ~~~, o i ~~ a=°p - 7; wozo z z /~' i ~ yz~.z ~ 5 ~__ _ .. ~.. ui mwwo w w z ¢ APPENllIX A FIELD EXPLORATION AND L,AllORATORY `I'ES'['ING Salmon Run Apartments Ye[nr, \traslaington On April 27, 2010, a-e completed our site exploration by observing soil conditions at 7 test Ails. The test pits were excavated using a backltoe to a maximum depth of ten I'ect below existing site grades. Test pit locations were determined in the field by measurements lion existing site feauues. The approximate location of the test pits are shouar nn the attached Exploration l..ocation Plan, Figure 2. Test Pit Logs are aUached as Figures A-2 tluough A-S. A geotechnical engineer from our office conducted the field exploration. Our representative classified the soil conditions eueountered, maintained a log of each test pit, obtained representative soil samples, and recorded water levels observed during excavation. All sail samples were visually classified in accordance with the Unified Soil Classificntiat System (USCS) described nn Figure A-I. Representative soil samples obtained from the test pits were placed in closed containers and taken to om laboratory fa' further examination and testing. "I'he moisture content of each sample was measured and is reportul on the individual Test Pit Logs. Grain size analyses were pcrfomtcd on selected samples. l'hc results of the grain size analyses are shown nn Figures A-9 and A-10. Project Nn. T-6437 MAJOR DIVISIONS ( LETTER ~, SYMBOL J_ O O w Z Q (~ w a O U m m m~ N ~ '~ ~> E `~ 0 o N 0 u7 0 cZ r c ~. ~ m~ `o S(~/) Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures, non-plastic fines. SC Olayey sands, sand-clay mixtures, plastic fines. ML Inorganic silts, rook flour, clayey sills with slight p18Stic+ty. CL inorganic clays of low to med+um plasticity, (lean clay). QL Organic silts and organic clays of low plasticity. MH Inorganc silts, elastic. CH Inorganic clays of high plastidty, fat clays. QH Organic clays of high plasticity. GRAVELS More than 50% of coarse traction is larger than No. 4 sieve I SANDS More than 50% of coarse fraction is smaller than No. 4 sieve TYPICAL DESCRIPTION Clean GW Well-graded gravels gravel-sand mixtures 6ltie or no Gravels fines. - - -- _ . -- (less than GP Poorly gradedgravels, gravel-sand mixtures, little or 5% fines) ` ~ no fines ~'~ Silty gravels, gravel sand-silt mixtures, non plastic Gravels- fines. ~ with fines _ _ _ . _ -- ... -- - _ --- I GC Clayey gravels, gravel-sand-clay mixtures, plastic fines. Clean Sands SW Well-graded sands, gravelly sands, little or no fines. (less than j Sp Poody~raded sands. or gravelly sands, little or no 5% fines) ~~ fines. Sands with fines J `D o SILTS AND CLAYS Q ~N m ~ E d ~ Liquid limit is less than 50% ~ ~Z N Z ° ~ ~__ ._ ..__..- _ _ a ~ ~~ ___. ~ C7 L ~~~ - SILTS AND CLAYS ~~ Z E i ~ v Liquid limit is greater than 50% ti HIGHLY ORGANIC SOILS PT Peat. DEFINITION OF TERMS AND SYMBOLS ~ Standard Penetration w Densitv Resistance_in Blows/Foot ....-_ - J p Very loo se 0-4 m Loose 4-10 w Medium dense 10-30 = Dense 30-50 ~ Very dense >50 ~-- - Standard Penetration Consistence Resistance in Blows/Foot u, '~- Very soft _ 0-2 W Soft 2-4 ~ Medium s tiff 4-8 ~ U Stiff 8-16 ( Very stiff 16-32 Hard >32 Terra '`~~~`~ ~.~ ~ -~ Associates, Inc. Consultants in GeolechniCal Engineering Geology and Environmental Earth Sciences 2" OUTSIDE DIAMETER SPLIT _~ SPOON SAMPLER T 2.4" INSIDE DIAMETER RING SAMPLER _ OR SHELBY TUBE SAMPLER 'I WATER LEVEL (DATE) Tr 70RVANE READINGS, tsf Pp PENETROMETER READING, ls( DD DRY DENSITY, pounds per cubic foot LL LIQUID LIMIT, percent PI PLASTIC INDEX N STANDARD PENETRATION, blows per fool UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM SALMON RUN APARTMENTS YELM, WASHINGTON Proj. No. T-6437 Date MAY 2010 Figure A-1 LOG OF TEST PIT NO 1 . FIGURE q-2 PROJECT NAME: Salmon Run Anarlments PROJ. NO: T-6437 LOGGED BY: -(:S LOCATION: Yelm Walljnpjon SURFACE CONDS: Tall sass/ mall Tr . s APPROX. ELEV: DATE LOGGED: ~xil ?7.9(110 DEPTH TO GROUNDWATER; N!A DEPTH 70 CAVING: 3 Feet w V d z z s ~ DESCRIPTION CONSISTENCY/ a REMARKS ~ a RELATIVE DENSITY r-. W Q ~ Y O ur U O a FILL?: dark brown sand with silt, fine grained, moist, roots. extensive organics. Aledium Dense 16 1 . __________________________________ Brown silty SAND, fine grained, moist, roots. (Std) ___________ Medium Dense 11 1 . 5 Bro~.vn SAND with silt and gravel, line to coarse grained. Medium Dense moist to wet. (SP•SM) 9.0 Test pit terminated al approximarety 8 tee(. No groundwater seepage observed. Minor caving observed below 3 feel. 10 15 Terra NOTE: This subsurface inloimaLOn pen2ins only to this lest C~t'c:zlion and shJU:d ,~ :„-;3..;'--^ QSSOOIa1eSr ~f1C. rot be interpreted as be,np intli:2tive of 017•.er Icalions at the sale. COnSWlan15 in Geolechnbal Enpineennp Geolcgy and Envuonmenlzl Eanh Sciences LOG OF TEST PIT NO 2 . FIGURE A-3 PROJECT NAME: Salmon Run Apartmen<,e PROJ. N0: T-6437 LOGGED 13V: (;S LOCATION: Yelm Washington SURFACE CONDS: Tall GrasslSmall Trees APPROX. ELEV: DATE LOGGED: Anril 27 2010 DEPTH 70 GROUNDWATER: N/A DEPTH 70 CAVING: 2 Feet LL _ F_ F 2 Z x m ~ DESCRIPTION CONSISTENCY/ m n. REMARKS ~ a RELATIVE DENSITY r w Q ~ Y ^ ~ U O a i li rained ts FILL? bl k ilt d t 26 9 , : ac s y san , ne g . mo s , roo . extensive organics, __________________________________ Medium Dense ___________ i0 8 . 5 Brown SAND with silt, fine to coarse grained, moist to Medium Dense wet, varying amounts of gravel. (SP-SM) 21 2 . 70 Test pit terminated at approximately 10 feet. No groundwater seepage observed. Moderate caving observed below 2 feel. 15 }~~~ Terra NOTE: 7h~ssubsudaceinlcrmaUonFenainsonlytolhisrestpA!cwlionardshould _" ASSOC1ateS, ~rle. not be interpreted as bung Indicative of other Io:al:ons al foe silo Ccnsullanls fi Geolechni:al Engineering GeUcgy and £nJronmenlal Eanh Srerces LOG OF TEST PIT NO 3 . FIGURER-4 PROJECT NAME: ~jaJmon Run Apartmen(s PROJ. NO: T-6437 LOGGED BY: CS LOCATION: Yelm. Washington SURFACE CONDS: Tall ,r cc/Smal{ TrP..€,- APPROX. ELEV: DATE LOGGED: aril 27 2010 DEPTH TO GROUNDWATER; N/A DEPTH TO CAVING: 4 Feel LL F O x ~ ~ DESCRIPTION CONSISTENCYI RELATIVE DENSITY ~- a REMARKS a i w ~ N U O a FILL?: Mack silty sand, fine grained, moist, roots, extensive organics. M di D 1E 8 e um ense __________________________________ ___________ 12.5 Brown SAND with sill, fine to coarse grained, moist, roots. (SP-SM) Medium Dense 5 Brown SAND with silt and graveh fine to coarse grained, moist. occasional cobble. (SP-SM) 6ledlum Dense Fi.4 Test pit terminated at approximately 8 feet. No groundwater seepage observed. Minor caving observed below 4 feel. 10 15 Terra NOTE: This subsurface infcrmaUOn perlams cnly to Nis test pi(IOCal:oo and should ' ~ Associates, ~nC. rot he role+p'eletl as being iotlica0vc of olhei Io;aUons al the slo. Ccnsullanls in Geole:hnL^al Engineering Geology antl Envlronmenlal EaM Sciences LOG OF TEST PIT NO 4 . FIGURE A-5 PROJECT NAME: S2lmon Run ADartmenla PROJ. N0: T-6437 LOGGED BY: CS LOCATION: Yelm Washington SURFACE CONDS: Tall ,ra a/Small Tr .es APPROX. ELEV: DATE LOGGED: 1{pril 27 201D DEPTH TO GROUNDWATER: , N/A DEPTH TO CAVING: Fe t Q LL v ~ ~ Z x -' F DESCRIPTION CONSISTENCY/ RELATIVE DENSITY e a ~ REMAft RS a w a 3 w Y O in U O a 17,3 FILL7: black sand with sill and gravel, fine to coarse grained, moist, roots, extensive organics. __________________________________ Medium Dense ___________ 3.5 Brown GRAVEL with sand antl cobbles, coarse grained, 5 moist, occasional boulder. (GP) Medium Dense Test pit terminated al approximately 8 feet. No groundwater seepaye observed. Extensive caving observed below 2 feel. 10 15 Terra ,~ NOTE: TNSSObsudaceinloimalbnperlainsonlyiothisleslC~~lorafionandshould r Associates, loc. not be interpreted as being indreaGve of orl:er {pcaEcns at the sale. Consultants in Geolechnical Erghieering Gco'o9yard Envircnmenlel Earth Sc:en:zs LOG OF TEST PIT NO 5 . FIGURER-s PROJECT NAME: Salmon Run Apartments PROJ. NO: T-6497 LOGGED BY: CS LOCATION: Yelm Washington SURFACE CONDB: Tall sass/Small Trews APPROX. ELEV; DATE LOGGED: April 27. 2010 DEPTH TO GROUNDWATER: N/A DEPTH TO CAVING: LL D ~ ~ Z x w ~ DESCRIPTION CONSISTENCY/ °- w a REMARKS i ~ RELATIVE DENSITY y F W w Q c N ~ O a FILL?: black santl with sill and gravel, fine to coarse grained, inoisL roots, extensive organics. Medium Dense 18.9 B SANp i h d fi i i Medium pense 5.4 rown ne to coarse gra w t s l, ned, mo st to wet, some sill. some gravel. (SP-SM) 5 8.5 Test pit terminated at approximately 81eet. No groundwater seepage observed. Minor caving observed below 2 feet. 10 15 mac, t Terra NOTE: Thissu5sudacein(o-mabonpenainscnlytoNslestpit(ecatiunaMSheuld Associates, fne. not be interpreted as beirg md:calive of other ICOa Uons al the 5!!e. Consullantc in Gealechmcal Engireenng Geology and Environmerilal Eenh Sci¢nces LOG OF TEST PIT NO 6 . FIGURE A-7 PROJECT NAME: Salmon ftun Anariments PROD. NO: T-B437 LOGGED BY; CS LOCA710N: Yelm Washington SURFACE CONOS: Tall Grass APPROX. ELEV; DATE LOGGED: April 27 2010 DEPTH TO GROUNDWATER: N/A DEPTH TO CAVING: 7 F .mil 0 LL Z x ~ DESCRIPTION CONSISTENCY/ e a REMARKS a ~ RELATIVE DENSITY 3 w w ^ Q N y U O n FILL?: black sand with silt and gravel, line to coarse grained, moist, roots, extensive organics. Medium Dense 73.1 __________________________________ Brown SAND with silt, fine to coarse grained. moist to ___________ Medium Dense wet, some gravel, occasional cobble. (SP-SM) ro __________________________________ ___________ 7.4 y SAND wish silt, fine to coarse grained, moist. (SP- S~ ) Medium Oense Test pit terminated at approximately 8 feel. No groundwater seepage observed. Moderate caving observed below 2 (eel. 10 15 ,N~<,„; Terra ~.:~~ NOTE: This subsudace infcrmalion pertains only to this test pit lccation and should ASSOGIateS, ~r1C. not be inleipreled as being mdicalive or other localicns al the site. Consultants in Geotechn:cal Engireeiing Geology and Environmonlel Earth Suences LOG OF TEST PIT NO 7 . FIGURE A-8 PROJECT NAME; Salmon Run Ali,~g)QJ11s PROD. NO: T-6437 LOGGED BY: CS LOCATION: Yolm VVRShington SURFACE CONDS: fall 1'rR c/Smell Tr . s APPROX. ELEV: DATE LOGGED: ,gpril 27 2010 DEPTH TO GROUNDWATER: N/B, DEPTH TO CAVING: ~ 5 Feel LL v LL ~ Z -W' n DESCRIPTION CONSISTENCY! RELATIVE DENSITY _ a REMARKS w ¢ 's f. y O In U O a FILL?: black sand wish silt and gravel, fine to coarse 16 7 grained, moist, roots. extensive organics. M i D . ense ed um Brown silty SAND, fine grained, wet. (SM) Medium Dense 7 19. 6 __________________________________ ___________ Brown GRAVEL with sand, line to coarse grained, moist to wet, cobbles, occasional boulder. (GP) pence 6.8 Test pit terminated a(approximalely 8.5 feet. No groundwater seepage observed. Moderate caving observed below 2.6 (eel. 10 15 ~`~,~?` Terra NOTE: This subsurface information pertains orgytathislestpiUowlicnandshocld - - ASSQCIBteSr inc. not be interpreted as being intl¢alive o(olher looaticns a(Ihe site. Consuliartls m Gootechnical Engiceenrg Gm.JOgy and Environmemal Fanh Sciences 70 _. __ - . I i ~ , i.. .. i-_ i 1 ~ j ~ f _-~i i 1 I __.. 1 Z 1 , 1 ~ ~ ~ ' II ~ ti ~ 1 . I I ~ ~ . ~~ ~~ ~ ~ I 50 - - i ,7 } .. ~... f _ , ~- _. ~ Z ~ ~ 1 ~ ' ~ 4 qa ~ -I - _ , , ' , _ _ ~ I , ^ a I (' l i l l l l i~ I I I c 17.4217 i1.031R 9,1788 5,4852 1.7637 i 0,7313 3,73 15.48 cl 0.7014 OS243 0.4681 0.3539 0.2430 0.1570 1.52 3.34 -~----- Material Description USCS AASHTO a Poorly gl~adcd GRAVTiL with <and GI u Poorly graded SA\'D wish gilt Sf'-SM f Project No. '1"-6437 Client: 9 imbcr River Developn~eni Remarks: Project: Salmon Run Apanments <>Tesled on 4.29-10 ~ oresicd ol, 4-z9-1o io Location: Tcsi Pit TP-4 Depth: -4 feel Sample Number: 2 e Location: Tcsl Pil TP-5 Depth: -7.5 feel Sample Number: 3 i Terra Associates, Inc. I{ Figure A-9 Tested 8y: ° /° Sand ° Ines _ Coarse FmB ~Coarse~ McBtum Fine Sdt ~ Clay 0.0 -_ -00 0.7 -.~07 ! SO1 5 I3.6 4.9 0,0 0.0 0.1 03 ' ?.9 ~ 73.3 ~ iS.4 0 0.8236 ~ 0.6465 0.5920 0.4903_ _ 0.3662 0.276.7 ].34 2.34 a --- 0.3883 ~ 0.2997 O.Z699 0,1937 Material Description - - USCS ~ AASHTO ' - e Pooi9y graded SAND with silt--- -- ~ j l SPSP-SP v SiIq~SAND SM Project No. I'-6437 Client: 'l'imber Ri~•cr llevolopmem Remarks: Project: Salmon Run Ape rtmen~s OTestcd on 4-2910 oTested on 4-29-10 ~~ ~ Location: -test Yii TP-6 Depth: -5 feet Sample N umber: 2 (c~ Location: Test Pit TP-7 Depth: -4 feel Sample Number: 2 I Terra Associates, Inc. ' ' __._ -----Kirkland, WA____-- ~ Figure A-l0 Tested By: DRAINAGE BASIN MAP ATTACHMENT "C" ~~ a z a m e V W O tt ~ a z ~ ~ ~ 3 m Z c O G (~ Z W CA N Q F- O O Z W ~cc Z J O Q V cacW~P G~ ~ ~~ 0~~3< V ° o~ ~ogN z 0 a o z z o w m o z z ~ ~ m m w Q ' Z m HYDROLOGY CALCULATIONS ATTACHMENT "D" x^ 3~ 3~ ~'~c No n96 O ~ ~ ~ 3¢N~ N ~ D n' ~Z 1 y~3 ~ '~ v a' o ~, a ~~ n 3: 3i s g' N ~' 7. 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