Prelim Ground Water Exploration
PRELIMINARY GROUND WATER
EXPWRATION FOR THURSTON
IDGHLANDS ASSOCIATES
January, 1995
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction and Summary .
Individual Test Wells. .
North Test Well .
West Test Well
South Test Well .
1
2
2
4
5
7
8
Hydrogeology. .
Recommendations
Figures
1
Site location map
Geologic logs
2A North test well
2B West test well
2C South test well
North test well
3 Drawdown
4 Recovery
West test well
5 Drawdown
6 Recovery
South test well
7
8
Drawdown
Recovery
Appendix
Water Management Laboratories water quality results
PRELIMINARY GROUND WATER
EXPWRATION FOR 1HURSTON
IDGHLANDS ASSOCIATES
January, 1994
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
We were authorized by Dennis Su of Thurston Highlands Associates (THA) to provide a test
drilling program to explore for a ground water supply. The exploration area is on the morainal
upland west of Yelm, and was concentrated in Section 27, T 17 N, R 1 E. The completed THA
project would serve a large number of homes and rrrigate two golf courses. The water would
ultimately be served by the City of Yelm from wells on THA property.
The initial test drilling at the Thurston Highlands is completed. Three 8-inch test wells were
drilled to depths of 250 to 289 feet. Each well was tested by perforating the casing, surge
development and pumping. The West Test Well is the only site that shows promise and although
it was only pumped at 160 gpm, it has a potential yield of 500 to 1000 gpm. The water quality
is good. The drilling and testing is further described in detail for each well.
All wells penetrated a thin mantle of bouldery material deposited as a terminal moraine of the
Vashon Glacier. This morainal deposit was considerably thinner than expected. Below the
bouldery deposit was found a sequence of sands, silty sands, and gravelly sands that are
attributed to the Vashon Advance Outwash, and are river sediments as opposed to the direct
glacial waste of the moraine. These finer grained sediments were essentially dry through their
entire thickness. Yet deeper was found a more complex assortment of alternately "clean" and
"dirty" sands and gravels. These are relatively ancient, pre-Vashon deposits, and constitute the
shallow aquifer that was tested.
The aquifer found in these tests is not the same system that serves the Yelm city wells That
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system is near surface and consists of Vashon Recessional Outwash. Deeper wells in the Yelm
area may tap deposits of the same genesis as at the THA wells. These older deposits at Yelm
are not known to yield very large amounts of water to wells.
The tests did show a completely unexpected set of water levels. A very well documented study
of the Yelm area (Mundorff) shows water levels trending northerly across Yelm Prairie to the
Nisqually River. The water table falls from elevation 350 feet to 300 feet along a two-mite
transect with Yelm at the center. The THA wells, 25 miles west of Yelm, were expected to
have water levels at elevations around 400 feet and a gradient toward Yelm Prairie. Instead,
the water levels range from elevation 293 feet to 220 feet, with a gradient toward the northwest,
away from the nearby Nisqually River and generally toward McAllister Springs which serves
Olympia. This situation describes an aquifer system that is distinctly different from Yelm's.
Somewhere, between the THA wells and the Yelm wells, there is a major ground water dIvide.
The unexpected deep water levels at THA also imply the presence of a very prolific aquifer that
serves as a highly transmissive buried drainage. Further work is needed to test this hypothesis,
and the West Test Well location is the recommended starting area.
INDIVIDUAL TEST WELIS
North Test Well
The North Test Well (NTW) location is shown on Figure 1. The elevation at this site is 438
feet. On November 11, 1994, the air rotary drill crew from Holt Drilling of Puyallup were
directed to this site. Dri1lmg began in loose bouldery gravel that alternated with sequences of
fine brown sand. At 186 feet a gray silty clay and gravel unit was present that was water
bearing. The rotary drill uses compressed air to clear cuttings and will produce water when a
prolific aquifer is encountered. At this well there was never more than 20 gpm produced during
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the drilling. Drilling stopped at 240 feet with no improvement in water production and an
increase in silt matrix. On November 28, 1994 a cable-tool drilling machine from Holt Drilling
arrived on the site and continued drilling to 251 feet. The formation samples obtained from this
drillIng technique are more representative of actual subsurface condItions. There was no
improvement in the water bearing qualities of the formations penetrated at this depth and the
crew was instructed to perforate the casing from 195 to 220 feet. This was accomplished using
a Mills knife perforator. The geologic log and construction details are shown on Figure 2A.
All of the wells were subjected to a gamma ray survey. This device responds to natural gamma
ray emissions that commonly are higher in clays and lower emissions are associated with clean,
water-bearing gravel. The survey results are shown on Figure 2B.
After the casing was perforated, surge tools were run to develop out fine materials prior to pump
testing. A short bailer test was then done at 40 gpm with 10 feet of drawdown from the static
level of 184.2 feet. This indicated a possible pumping rate of 100 gpm. On December 5, 1994
a pump was installed for testing. The pump was operated at rates up to 40 gpm to clear the
water of turbidity and some sand. A short test was done at 43 gpm and after 60 minutes the rate
had to be reduced to 27 gpm to maintain water over the pump inlet. After the pump was
stopped, the water level recovered to within one foot of the static level after one hour. The test
results are depicted graphically on Figures 3 and 4.
During the testing, the water did not become clear and the temperature was 52 degrees. A
sample was filtered and an analysis was done in our laboratory with the following results:
Specific Conductivity
Turbidity (fIltered)
pH
Total Hardness
145 umhos/cm
1.5 NTU
7.2
45 mgll
Robinson & Noble, Inc.
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Bicarbonate Alkalinity
Chloride
Iron
Manganese
Nitrate
60 mg/l
< 5 mg/l
<.1 mg/l
o 2 mgll
0.01 mg/l
The water has elevated concentrations of manganese that may be less after the turbidity becomes
lower than 1 NTU. The maximum concentration limit for manganese is 0.05 mg/l. The
turbidity would probably clear after extended pumping at a low rate of 20 to 30 gpm.
west Test Well
On November 17, 1994 the rotary crew began drilling at the West Test Well (WTW) site. The
elevation of this site is 411 feet and the location is depicted on Figure 1. The formations
penetrated were similar to those at the NTW, consistmg of mostly dry gravel with minor sand
layers. Below 228 feet considerable water was encountered and the drill discharge was
producing an estimated 200 gpm. At 289 feet a large boulder bent the drive shoe and drilling
was stopped. The gamma ray survey was accomplished and the rotary crew moved off the site
to the South Test Well. On December 2, 1994 the cable-tool crew set up on the site and began
to perforate the casing from 230 to 245 feet and 265 to 285 feet. After the casing was
perforated, surge tools were run to develop the well for testing. Approximately eight hours were
spent on surging and bailing in the perforated areas. A bailer test was accomplished at 35 gpm
and no measurable drawdown was observed. Figure 2B is the geologic log and construction
details.
On December 14, 1994 a pump was installed for testing. The pump was operated at various
rates from 71 to 159 gpm with some sand and turbidity that quickly cleared The next day a
four-hour pump test at 159 gpm was accomplished. At the end of the test the pumping water
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level was 14.3 feet below the static water level of 193 6 feet. The specific capacity (discharge
divided by drawdown) was 11 gpm per foot of drawdown. At the lower rate of 71 gpm the
specific capacity was 16 gpm ftldd. At the end of the four-hour test the pump was stopped and
the water level was observed to recover to within 1 foot of the prior static water level in a few
minutes. The drawdown and recovery is depicted graphically on Figures 5 and 6.
During the testing, the water slowly cleared of turbidity that was perhaps caused by peat in the
formations. The water temperature was 50 degree F. A sample was analyzed in our laboratory
with the following results:
Specific Conductivity
Turbidity (fIltered)
pH
Total Hardness
Bicarbonate Alkalinity
Chloride
Iron
Manganese
Nitrate
163 umhoslcm
2NTU
7.4
65 mg/l
60 mg/l
< 2.5 mg/l
<0.1 mg/l
0.1 mg/l
1 mg/l
The water has a slight elevation of manganese that may become lower when the turbidity drops
below 1 NTU The nitrate level is also slightly elevated, being above the commonly expected
background of less than 0.2 mg/l. The limit for drinking water standards for nitrate is 10 mg/I.
A full inorganic analysis was done by the WML lab in Tacoma. That report is attached.
South Test Well
The South Test Well (STW) location is shown on Figure 1. The elevation of this site is 455
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feet. On November 23, the rotary crew began drilling in large boulders. The formations
penetrated were similar to the other wells, but with a significant thickness of sand from 40 to
132 feet. Below 194 feet a water bearing gravel was present that produced moderate amounts
of water during drilling. The water was less than that what was produced during the drilling
of the wrw. Drilling was stopped at 259 feet in a gravelly formation with brown silt, as shown
on Figure 2C. On November 29, 1994 the cable-tool machine was set up on the site and the
casing was perforated from 195 to 237 feet and 247 to 254 feet. Surge tools were run
throughout the perforated areas and a small amount of sand and finer material was developed
into the casing. A bailer test was done at 40 gpm with 3.5 feet of drawdown. This indicated
that the performance of this well would probably be closer to the NTW than the wrw. A pump
was installed for testing and on December 13, 1994 a one-hour test was done at 71 gpm with
28 feet of drawdown from the static water level of 165 feet. After the pump was stopped, the
water level recovered to 170 feet after 33 minutes. The drawdown and recovery is depicted
graphically on Figures 7 and 8.
During the testing, the water was turbid with peat from the formation. The temperature was 49
degrees F. A sample was taken and an analysis was done in our laboratory with the following
results.
Specific Conductivity
Turbidity (filtered)
pH
Total Hardness
Bicarbonate Alkalinity
Chloride
Iron
Manganese
132 umhos/cm
12 NTU
69
50 mg/l
45 mgll
<25 mg/l
0.11 mgll
<005 mg/l
Robinson & Noble, Inc.
Page 7
The water appears to be of acceptable quality except for turbidity which would be expected to
clear after more pumping
HYDROGEOWGY
The three wells all penetrated formations of enough similarity to develop a conceptual geologic
section shown on Figure 9. The series is, from top down, Vashon Moraine, Vashon Advance
Outwash, and pre-Vashon deposits. Water entry was limited to the deepest unit which showed
aquifer transmissivity to be low at North and South, and high at West.
Water elevations were plotted as a three-point plane and, with that simplified method, showed
a gradient of 158 feet per mile (i = 0.03) toward the northwest. If this plane represented a total
path of water across Section 27, a transect of 7000 feet, then an estimate of total underflow can
be made by using the values found for transmissivity (T). The formula for this is Q = T i W
where:
Q = underflow, gpd
i = gradient (dimensionless)
W = width in feet.
For T, the two lowest values found were 2700 and 4200 gpd/ft, averaging 3450. Using that
value,
Q = 3450 x 0.03 x 7000
Q = 725,000 gpd = 500 gpm
However, the West well noted a T range of 36,000 to 105,000 gpd/ft. If an estimate of T =
50,000 is used, then the gradient near wrw would likely be flatter. A solution for this case
might be,
Q = 50,000 x 0.01 x 3000
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Page 8
Q = 1,500,000 gpd = 1000 gpm
These estimates can be improved or refined only with further drilling and testing.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Drilling of West Well showed sufficient condItions to warrant a large-diameter well to be used
as a permanent well and to advance the hydrologic knowledge. The well should be 16-inch to
2G-inch diameter with a tar-get depth beyond 300 feet. (Drilling below 289 feet was not possible
at wrw because of a collapsed shoe). The large diameter well should be drilled by cable tool
method which allows better sample identification than the rotary method. The well would be
screened developed and test pumped while using the nearby West Test Well as an observation
point.
Respectfully submitted,
ROBINSON & NOBLE, INC.
John B. Noble, Hydrogeologist
Chandler Ellis, Hydrogeologist
Robinson & Noble, Inc.
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A'V\i. TER
~ MANAGEMENT
LABORATORIES INC.
1515 80th St. E.
Tacoma, W A 98404
531-3121
lIII--- ""'"
-
-
January 6, 1995
Robinson & Noble
5915 Orchard street West
Tacoma, WA 98467
Attn: Chandler Ellis
Dear Sir:
Results of analysis of one groundwater engineering sample taken by
yourself on 12-15-94 at 3:00 p.m. and received 12-16-94 at 4:30 p.m.
are as follows:
sample Identification: THA West
Test Well
TEST RESULT
j< fd '- A13
Arsenic
Barium
Bicarbonate
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbonate
Chloride
Chromium
Color
Copper
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Nitrate Nitrogen
Potassium
Selenium
< 0.01*
< 0.25*
65
< 0.002*
11
o
4
< 0.01*
< 5*
< 0.02*
< 0.2*
< 0.03*
< 0.002*
9
< 0.01*
< 0.001*
1.3
1.6
< 0.005*
(00
< 2.~5'
L::. 00 I
0,,/
/
Robinson & Noble
January 6, 1995
Page 2
TEST
Silica
Silver
Sodium
specific Conductivity
pH
Sulfate
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Hardness
Turbidity
Zinc
RESULT
40
< 0.01*
8
148
6.9
4
101
63
0.7
< 0.1*
jZfl'/
Ib;3
7,i
&5'
All results are in milligrams per liter except color which is
color units, pH is pH units, specific conductivity is in micro-
mho per cm and turbidity is in nephelometric turbidity units.
Bicarbonate, carbonate and total hardness are in milligrams per
liter as calcium carbonate.
* < is less than
Chemistry Lab Number: 08919614
Sample was analyzed according to Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition.
Chain of Custody record is enclosed.
Sincerely,
~ 4~VVlJ
Diane DuMond
Lab Coordinator
DD:jlp
enclosure
c:lcommIR&N12.16